Focus of Study: Carotenoid Absorption
Conditions
Keywords
Papaya, Carrot, Tomato, Carotenoids, Lycopene, Beta-carotene, Beta-cryptoxanthin
Brief summary
The goal of this study is to determine if papaya fruits are an exceptionally good food source for carotenoids in humans, particularly when compared more common carotenoid sources like carrots and tomatoes. This objective will be accomplished by quantitation of the immediate post-prandial plasma concentrations of parent carotenoids and vitamin A metabolites from subjects who consumed a meal containing fresh papaya, tomato, and carrot.
Detailed description
The main purpose of this study is comparing bioavailability of papaya carotenoids versus carrot and tomato carotenoids. Previously, vitamin A deposition in rat livers was studied, showing that carotenoid bioavailability from papaya is higher than from spinach, parsley and carrots. Detailed knowledge about human carotenoid absorption and conversion from papaya fruit compared to other food sources is still lacking.
Interventions
OTHERPapaya
Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.
OTHERCarrot
Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.
OTHERTomato
Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.
Sponsors
University of Hohenheim
Universidad de Costa Rica
Ohio State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* healthy individuals
Exclusion criteria
* lactating, pregnant, or planned to be pregnant * smokers/those who use tobacco products * metabolic or malabsorption disorders * had a history of cancer * history of liver insufficiency or other gastro-intestinal diseases * allergy to papaya, carrots or tomatoes * obesity
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 8 post-prandial blood samples over 9.5 hours | The primary goal of this research is to investigate whether papaya can deliver increased quantities of carotenoids when compared to carrot and tomato. An area under the curve for concentration of carotenoids (from triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma) over time will be determined to quantify absorption, after subjects consume a meal containing papaya, carrot or tomato. |
Countries
Costa Rica, United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment was carried out at the University of Costa Rica during June 2011 - August 2011.
Pre-assignment details
Sixteen healthy, non-pregnant, non-smoking participants (21-44 y) were enrolled after checking eligibility, which was based on a questionnaire. Exclusion criteria included any history of chronic gastrointestinal disease, use of medications affecting lipid metabolism, regular use of carotenoid-containing supplements and frequent alcohol consumption.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Groups (Average) All study participants | 16 |
| Total | 16 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Groups (Average) |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 16 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 27 years |
| Region of Enrollment Costa Rica | 16 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 16 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 16 |
Outcome results
Primary
Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato
The primary goal of this research is to investigate whether papaya can deliver increased quantities of carotenoids when compared to carrot and tomato. An area under the curve for concentration of carotenoids (from triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma) over time will be determined to quantify absorption, after subjects consume a meal containing papaya, carrot or tomato.
Time frame: 8 post-prandial blood samples over 9.5 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Beta-Carotene Absorption From Papaya | Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 163 nmol*h/L |
| Beta-Carotene Absorption From Tomato | Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 62 nmol*h/L |
| Beta-Carotene Absorption From Carrot | Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 64 nmol*h/L |
| Lycopene Absorption From Papaya | Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 174 nmol*h/L |
| Lycopene Absorption From Tomato | Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | 58 nmol*h/L |