Local infiltration group:After induction and 10 min before headpinning, 1% lidocaine 2 ml was given to the patient for local infiltration of the forehead at the site of headpinning.

Canceled by the investigator. The effect of frontal infiltration and intravenous dexmedetomidine on the stress factors and haemodynamic response to skull-pin placement for craniotomy

The effect of dexmedetomidine and local infiltration on the haemodynamic and stress response and to skull-pin placement for craniotomy