Social Virtual-reality on Enhancing Social Interaction Skills in Children With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The attendance of the participants during the trainings will be recorded. To verify the validity of the findings, training non-adherence of the participants will be terminated which will be stated in the consent form. The absence of any training session will be considered as non-adherence.

Time frame: After 3 weeks

To assess the executive functioning of participants using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), which will be scored by the participants' guardians. The subscales of inhibition (16 items) and emotional control (10 items) will be adopted in this study. A 3-point Likert scale (1 = Never, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Often) is used to score. The total score ranges from 26 to 78, with higher scores indicating poor executive functions.

Time frame: 3 weeks post-intervention

Population: Data were collected from the guardians of all participants who completed the BRIEF assessments, resulting in 30 participants in each group.

This assessment utilizes the Riggio Social Skills Inventory to objectively evaluate participants' social interaction skills. The total score ranges from 10 to 40, where higher scores indicate better social interaction skills. The inventory consists of 10 items, each scored on a scale from 1 (Never) to 4 (Always). Scores for each item are summed to compute a total score, with higher total scores representing better outcomes in social interaction skills. The inventory includes subscales that measure aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication.

Time frame: 3 weeks post-intervention

Population: Data were collected from all participants who completed the assessments, including those from the waitlist control group who did not receive the intervention. This resulted in an analysis population of 30 participants in each group: 30 in the Social VR Intervention group, 30 in the Traditional Social Skills Training group, and 30 in the Waitlist Control group.

Satisfaction with the intervention was measured using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = very dissatisfied, 7 = very satisfied) administered at the last session of the VR training group. The total score ranges from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction.

Time frame: After the last session (after 3 weeks)

Population: Data were collected from 30 participants in the VR training group and 30 participants in the traditional social skills training group to assess satisfaction at the last session of the intervention.

To measure the motion sickness or physical discomfort of participants in VR environment. Nine items will be measured, including discomfort, fatigue, headache, eyestrain, sweating, nausea, difficulty concentrating, blurred vision and dizziness, with yes or no questions for each item.

Time frame: Assessments will be conducted at the end of each session of the VR intervention group (twelve sessions in total), with the total score reflecting cumulative discomfort experienced across all sessions.

Population: Only the participants in the Social VR Intervention were assessed.

This assessment evaluates participants' self-control, assertiveness, and initiative and cooperation. The SSRS-P consists of 3 subscales with a total of 31 items. A 3-point Likert scale (1 = Never, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Often) is used for scoring. The total score ranges from 31 to 93, where higher scores indicate better social skills. Scores for each subscale are summed, contributing to the total score. The SSRS-P is a validated instrument commonly adopted in clinical trials of psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Time frame: 3 weeks post-intervention

Population: Data were collected from the guardians of all participants who completed the SSRS-P assessments, resulting in 30 participants in each group.