Graves' Orbitopathy, Thyroid Eye Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Proptosis, Human monoclonal antibody, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy, Autoimmune Thyroid Disease, Graves' Orbitopathy
Brief summary
The overall objective is to investigate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of teprotumumab (a fully human monoclonal antibody \[mAb\] inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor \[IGF-1R\]) administered once every 3 weeks (q3W) for 21 weeks with a final assessment at Week 24, in comparison to placebo, in the treatment of participants with moderate-to-severe active thyroid eye disease (TED).
Detailed description
This is a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study. Approximately 76 participants (38/group) who meet the study eligibility criteria will be randomized on Day 1 in a 1:1 ratio (stratified by tobacco use status) to receive 8 infusions of teprotumumab or placebo q3W. All participants will enter a 24-week double-masked Treatment Period, during which study drug will be infused on Day 1 (Baseline), and Weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 (with a final visit at Week 24). All study drug dosing will be performed at the clinic under the supervision of clinic staff. On each dosing day, scheduled assessments (except for adverse event \[AE\] and concomitant medication use monitoring, which will be monitored throughout the clinic visit) will be completed prior to study drug dosing. At the end of the double-masked Treatment Period (Week 24), participants who are proptosis non-responders (study eye has \< 2 mm decrease in proptosis) will be eligible to enter an open-label extension study in which participants receive 8 infusions of teprotumumab in an open-label fashion. At Week 24, proptosis responders, as well as non-responders who choose not to enroll in the open-label extension study, will enter a 48-week Follow-Up Period, during which study drug will not be administered and clinic visits are scheduled for Weeks 28, 36, 48, 60, and 72. Participants who are considered responders at Week 24 but who meet criteria for re-treatment due to relapse during the Follow-Up Period may enroll in the open-label extension study. Participants who complete the Week 72 Visit will be contacted 6 and 12 months later via phone or email by research staff to enquire if any treatment for TED has been received since last study contact. Study acquired from Horizon in 2024.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALTeprotumumab
Teprotumumab is a fully human anti-IGF-1R mAb. Teprotumumab will be provided in single-dose 20 mL glass vials as a freeze-dried powder. Each vial of teprotumumab must be reconstituted with 10 mL of water for injection. Reconstituted teprotumumab solution must be further diluted in 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl) solution prior to administration. Teprotumumab will be administered in 100 mL or 250 mL infusion bags (100 mL infusion bags for doses up to 1800 mg and 250 mL infusion bags for doses \> 1800 mg).
OTHERPlacebo
Placebo will consist of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and will be administered in 100 mL or 250 mL infusion bags, as would be appropriate, per weight-based dosing volumes (100 mL infusion bags for doses up to 1800 mg and 250 mL infusion bags for doses \> 1800 mg).
Sponsors
Amgen
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Written informed consent. 2. Male or female participant between the ages of 18 and 80 years, inclusive, at Screening. 3. Clinical diagnosis of Graves' disease associated with active TED with a Clinical Activity Score (CAS) ≥ 4 (on the 7-item scale) for the most severely affected eye at Screening and Baseline. 4. Moderate-to-severe active TED (not sight-threatening but has an appreciable impact on daily life), usually associated with one or more of the following: lid retraction ≥ 2 mm, moderate or severe soft tissue involvement, exophthalmos ≥ 3 mm above normal for race and gender, and/or inconstant or constant diplopia. 5. Onset of active TED symptoms (as determined by participant records) within 9 months prior to Baseline. 6. Participants must be euthyroid with the baseline disease under control or have mild hypo- or hyperthyroidism (defined as free thyroxine \[FT4\] and free triiodothyronine \[FT3\] levels \< 50% above or below the normal limits) at Screening. Every effort should be made to correct the mild hypo- or hyperthyroidism promptly and to maintain the euthyroid state for the full duration of the clinical trial. 7. Does not require immediate surgical ophthalmological intervention and is not planning corrective surgery/irradiation during the course of the study. 8. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or AST ≤ 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or serum creatine \<1.5 times the ULN according to age at Screening. 9. Diabetic participants must have well-controlled stable disease (defined as HbA1C \< 9.0% with no new diabetic medication \[oral or insulin\] or more than a 10% change in the dose of a currently prescribed diabetic medication within 60 days prior to Screening). 10. Women of childbearing potential (including those with an onset of menopause \<2 years prior to Screening, non-therapy-induced amenorrhea for \<12 months prior to Screening, or not surgically sterile \[absence of ovaries and/or uterus\]) must have a negative serum pregnancy test at Screening and negative urine pregnancy tests at all protocol-specified timepoints (i.e., prior to each dose and through Week 48 of the Follow-Up Period); participants who are sexually active with a non-vasectomized male partner must agree to use 2 reliable forms of contraception during the trial, one of which is recommended to be hormonal, such as an oral contraceptive. Hormonal contraception must be started at least one full cycle prior to Baseline and continue for 180 days after the last dose of study drug. Highly effective contraceptive methods (with a failure rate less than 1% per year) when used consistently and correctly, includes implants, injectables, combined oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), sexual abstinence or vasectomized partner. 11. Male participants must be surgically sterile or, if sexually active with a female partner of childbearing potential, must agree to use barrier contraceptive method from Screening through 180 days after the last dose of study drug. 12. Participant is willing and able to comply with the study protocol and evaluations for the duration of the study.
Exclusion criteria
1. Decreased best corrected visual acuity due to optic neuropathy as defined by a decrease in vision of 2 lines on the Snellen chart, new visual field defect, or color defect secondary to optic nerve involvement within the last 6 months. 2. Corneal decompensation unresponsive to medical management. 3. Decrease in CAS of ≥ 2 points in the study eye between Screening and Baseline. 4. Decrease in proptosis of ≥ 2 mm in the study eye between Screening and Baseline. 5. Previous orbital irradiation or surgery for TED. 6. Any steroid use (intravenous \[IV\] or oral) with a cumulative dose equivalent to ≥ 1 g of methylprednisolone for the treatment of TED. Previous steroid use (IV or oral) with a cumulative dose of \<1 g methylprednisolone or equivalent for the treatment of TED and previous use of steroid eye drops is allowed if the corticosteroid was discontinued at least 4 weeks prior to Screening. 7. Corticosteroid use for conditions other than TED within 4 weeks prior to Screening (topical steroids for dermatological conditions and inhaled steroids are allowed). 8. Selenium and biotin must be discontinued 3 weeks prior to Screening and must not be restarted during the clinical trial; however, taking a multivitamin that includes selenium and/or biotin is allowed. 9. Any previous treatment with rituximab or tocilizumab. Use of any other non-steroid immunosuppressive agent within 3 months prior to Screening. 10. Use of an investigational agent for any condition within 60 days prior to Screening or anticipated use during the course of the trial. 11. Identified pre-existing ophthalmic disease that, in the judgment of the Investigator, would preclude study participation or complicate interpretation of study results. 12. Bleeding diathesis that in the judgment of the Investigator would preclude inclusion in the clinical trial. 13. Malignant condition in the past 12 months (except successfully treated basal/squamous cell carcinoma of the skin). 14. Pregnant or lactating women. 15. Current drug or alcohol abuse, or history of either within the previous 2 years, in the opinion of the Investigator or as reported by the participant. 16. Biopsy-proven or clinically suspected inflammatory bowel disease. 17. Known hypersensitivity to any of the components of teprotumumab or prior hypersensitivity reactions to mAbs. 18. Any other condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would preclude inclusion in the study. 19. Previous enrollment in this study or participation in a prior teprotumumab clinical trial. 20. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C or hepatitis B infections.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Who Were Proptosis Responders at Week 24 | Week 24 | Proptosis responders were defined as participants with a ≥2 mm reduction from Baseline in proptosis in the study eye, without deterioration (≥2 mm increase) of proptosis in the fellow eye at Week 24. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Who Were Overall Responders at Week 24 | Week 24 | Overall responders were defined as participants with a ≥2 mm reduction in proptosis AND a ≥2 point reduction in Clinical Activity Score (CAS) from Baseline in the study eye, without deterioration (≥2 mm increase in proptosis or ≥2 point increase in CAS) in the fellow eye at Week 24. The CAS is a 7-item description of clinical activity, including: 1. Spontaneous orbital pain; 2. Gaze evoked orbital pain; 3. Eyelid swelling that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) thyroid eye disease/ Graves' Ophthalmopathy or Orbitopathy (TED/GO); 4. Eyelid erythema; 5. Conjunctival redness that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) TED/GO (ignore equivocal redness); 6. Chemosis; 7. Inflammation of caruncle or plica. Each item is scored (1=present; 0=absent) and scores for each item are summed for total score of 0 (no clinical activity) to 7 (most clinical activity). |
| Percentage of Participants Who Were CAS Categorical Responders at Week 24 (Study Eye) | Week 24 | CAS categorical responders were defined as participants with a reduction to a CAS of 0 or 1 (no or minimal inflammatory symptoms) in study eye. The CAS is a 7-item description of clinical activity, including: 1. Spontaneous orbital pain; 2. Gaze evoked orbital pain; 3. Eyelid swelling that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) thyroid eye disease/ Graves' Ophthalmopathy or Orbitopathy (TED/GO); 4. Eyelid erythema; 5. Conjunctival redness that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) TED/GO (ignore equivocal redness); 6. Chemosis; 7. Inflammation of caruncle or plica. Each item is scored (1=present; 0=absent) and scores for each item are summed for total score of 0 (no inflammatory symptoms) to 7 (most inflammatory symptoms). |
| Change From Baseline in Proptosis to Week 24 (Study Eye) | Baseline, up to Week 24 | — |
| Percentage of Participants Who Were Diplopia Responders at Week 24 | Week 24 | Diplopia responders were defined as participants with Baseline diplopia Subjective Diplopia Score grade \>0 in the study eye who had a reduction of ≥1 grade with no corresponding deterioration (≥1 grade worsening) in the fellow eye at Week 24. Denominator is the number of subjects with diplopia at Baseline. The Subjective Diplopia Score is a clinical measure of diplopia severity on a grade scale of 0 to 3: 0=no diplopia; 1=intermittent (diplopia in primary position of gaze, when tired or when first awakening); 2=inconstant (diplopia at extremes of gaze); 3=constant (continuous diplopia in primary or reading position). |
| Change From Baseline in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QoL) Questionnaire Overall Score to Week 24 | Baseline, up to Week 24 | The GO-QoL is a 16-item self-administered questionnaire divided into 2 subsets and used to assess the perceived effects of TED by the subjects on (i) their daily physical activity as it relates to visual function, and (ii) psychosocial functioning. The range of the GO-QoL overall transformed scores is 0 to 100, where higher values correspond to better quality of life. |
Countries
Germany, Italy, United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Placebo Eight infusions of placebo q3W for a total of 21 weeks. | 42 |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg Eight infusions of teprotumumab q3W for a total of 21 weeks. Teprotumumab 10 mg/kg administered on Day 1 and teprotumumab 20 mg/kg administered q3W for the remaining 7 infusions. | 41 |
| Total | 83 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 48-Week Follow-Up Contact (Weeks 96-120) | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 1 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Mis-classified as Responders | 0 | 2 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Other, Not Specified | 0 | 1 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Physician Decision | 0 | 1 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Relapsed/Did not enter OPTIC-X | 0 | 1 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Relapsed/Entered OPTIC-X | 1 | 9 |
| 48-Week Follow-Up Period (Weeks 24-72) | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 2 |
| Double-Masked 24-Week Treatment Period | Adverse Event | 1 | 1 |
| Double-Masked 24-Week Treatment Period | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 50.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.79 | 51.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.63 | 48.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.96 |
| Age, Customized <65 years | 70 Participants | 32 Participants | 38 Participants |
| Age, Customized ≥65 years | 13 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 80 Participants | 39 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black or African American | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized More Than 1 Race | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 72 Participants | 35 Participants | 37 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 60 Participants | 29 Participants | 31 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 23 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Tobacco use status - actual Non-User | 66 Participants | 32 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Tobacco use status - actual User | 17 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Tobacco use status - as randomized Non-User | 65 Participants | 32 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Tobacco use status - as randomized User | 18 Participants | 9 Participants | 9 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 42 | 0 / 41 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 29 / 42 | 37 / 41 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 42 | 2 / 41 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Participants Who Were Proptosis Responders at Week 24
Proptosis responders were defined as participants with a ≥2 mm reduction from Baseline in proptosis in the study eye, without deterioration (≥2 mm increase) of proptosis in the fellow eye at Week 24.
Time frame: Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Percentage of Participants Who Were Proptosis Responders at Week 24 | 9.5 percentage of participants |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Percentage of Participants Who Were Proptosis Responders at Week 24 | 82.9 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [58.89, 88.01]Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Proptosis to Week 24 (Study Eye)
Time frame: Baseline, up to Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Change From Baseline in Proptosis to Week 24 (Study Eye) | -0.54 mm | Standard Error 0.192 |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Change From Baseline in Proptosis to Week 24 (Study Eye) | -2.82 mm | Standard Error 0.191 |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [-2.77, -1.8]mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM)
Secondary
Change From Baseline in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QoL) Questionnaire Overall Score to Week 24
The GO-QoL is a 16-item self-administered questionnaire divided into 2 subsets and used to assess the perceived effects of TED by the subjects on (i) their daily physical activity as it relates to visual function, and (ii) psychosocial functioning. The range of the GO-QoL overall transformed scores is 0 to 100, where higher values correspond to better quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, up to Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Change From Baseline in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QoL) Questionnaire Overall Score to Week 24 | 4.43 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.102 |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Change From Baseline in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QoL) Questionnaire Overall Score to Week 24 | 13.79 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.074 |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [4.08, 14.64]mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM)
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Were CAS Categorical Responders at Week 24 (Study Eye)
CAS categorical responders were defined as participants with a reduction to a CAS of 0 or 1 (no or minimal inflammatory symptoms) in study eye. The CAS is a 7-item description of clinical activity, including: 1. Spontaneous orbital pain; 2. Gaze evoked orbital pain; 3. Eyelid swelling that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) thyroid eye disease/ Graves' Ophthalmopathy or Orbitopathy (TED/GO); 4. Eyelid erythema; 5. Conjunctival redness that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) TED/GO (ignore equivocal redness); 6. Chemosis; 7. Inflammation of caruncle or plica. Each item is scored (1=present; 0=absent) and scores for each item are summed for total score of 0 (no inflammatory symptoms) to 7 (most inflammatory symptoms).
Time frame: Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Percentage of Participants Who Were CAS Categorical Responders at Week 24 (Study Eye) | 21.4 percentage of participants |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Percentage of Participants Who Were CAS Categorical Responders at Week 24 (Study Eye) | 58.5 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [17.39, 54.67]Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Were Diplopia Responders at Week 24
Diplopia responders were defined as participants with Baseline diplopia Subjective Diplopia Score grade \>0 in the study eye who had a reduction of ≥1 grade with no corresponding deterioration (≥1 grade worsening) in the fellow eye at Week 24. Denominator is the number of subjects with diplopia at Baseline. The Subjective Diplopia Score is a clinical measure of diplopia severity on a grade scale of 0 to 3: 0=no diplopia; 1=intermittent (diplopia in primary position of gaze, when tired or when first awakening); 2=inconstant (diplopia at extremes of gaze); 3=constant (continuous diplopia in primary or reading position).
Time frame: Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants with diplopia at baseline in the study eye.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Percentage of Participants Who Were Diplopia Responders at Week 24 | 28.6 percentage of participants |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Percentage of Participants Who Were Diplopia Responders at Week 24 | 67.9 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.00195% CI: [15.55, 63.02]Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Were Overall Responders at Week 24
Overall responders were defined as participants with a ≥2 mm reduction in proptosis AND a ≥2 point reduction in Clinical Activity Score (CAS) from Baseline in the study eye, without deterioration (≥2 mm increase in proptosis or ≥2 point increase in CAS) in the fellow eye at Week 24. The CAS is a 7-item description of clinical activity, including: 1. Spontaneous orbital pain; 2. Gaze evoked orbital pain; 3. Eyelid swelling that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) thyroid eye disease/ Graves' Ophthalmopathy or Orbitopathy (TED/GO); 4. Eyelid erythema; 5. Conjunctival redness that is considered to be due to active (inflammatory phase) TED/GO (ignore equivocal redness); 6. Chemosis; 7. Inflammation of caruncle or plica. Each item is scored (1=present; 0=absent) and scores for each item are summed for total score of 0 (no clinical activity) to 7 (most clinical activity).
Time frame: Week 24
Population: Intent-to-treat population: all randomized participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Percentage of Participants Who Were Overall Responders at Week 24 | 7.1 percentage of participants |
| Teprotumumab 20 mg/kg | Percentage of Participants Who Were Overall Responders at Week 24 | 78.0 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [55.89, 85.75]Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel