Cerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebral Edema, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
Conivaptan
Brief summary
The goal of this study is to preliminarily determine/estimate feasibility and whether frequent and early conivaptan use, at a dose currently determined to be safe (i.e., 40mg/day), is safe and well-tolerated in patients with cerebral edema from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and pressure (ICP). A further goal is to preliminarily estimate whether conivaptan at this same dose can reduce cerebral edema (CE) in these same patients. This study is also an essential first step in understanding the role of conivaptan in CE management. Hypothesis: The frequent and early use of conivaptan at 40mg/day will be safe and well-tolerated, and also reduce cerebral edema, in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and pressure.
Detailed description
This is a single-center, open-label, safety and tolerability study. Based on findings in the literature from both animal research and clinical observations with ICH (intracerebral hemorrhage) associated with TBI (traumatic brain injury), this study will begin to look at the safety, tolerability, as well as potential effectiveness, of conivaptan to reduce CE (cerebral edema) in patients with non-traumatic ICH. The seven patients in this study will receive 40mg/day of the study medication conivaptan. In this early phase study, our focus will be to assess the safety and tolerability of this medication. The available clinical data on conivaptan in the neurocritical care population suggest the potential harm is negligible. Data in TBI patients demonstrate conivaptan is safe and well tolerated using a single dose (20mg) to increase Na+ in a controlled fashion to reduce ICP. Previous work has demonstrated the safety and tolerability of conivaptan, in doses ranging from 20-80mg/day, in the neurocritical care population. Conivaptan has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in lowering ICP, and increasing serum sodium, in the neurocritical care population. Also noted have been improvements in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and stable blood pressure, and a prolonged reduction in ICP. Finally, the method of intermittent bolus dosing of conivaptan is equally effective in raising and maintaining serum sodium in the neurocritical care population as continuous infusion, with potentially less risk of adverse reactions including phlebitis. Conivaptan, a non-selective Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP) V1A/V2 antagonist that reduces aquaporin 4 production and promotes aquaresis, is approved for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. The exact cause of the observed reduction in ICP with conivaptan is uncertain. However, the mechanism most likely represents a combination of an acute pure aquaresis, removing free water from brain tissue, and a sustained down regulation of aquaporin 4 to abate/slow development of CE. The V2 antagonism of conivaptan promotes free water loss, and the V1 antagonism may improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduce blood brain barrier permeability. Notably, serum sodium tends to correlate inversely with both ICP and CE. The early use of conivaptan could potentially be used clinically to reduce CE by these means. It is with this in mind, the research team feels justified in pursuing this study with the hopes that the data obtained will lead to potential good and removal of harm in future patients with this devastating disease. Given the enormous costs of ICH, problems with current therapies, and variability in treatment, there is an urgent need to identify a therapy that has a better safety and effectiveness profile compared to the currently used agents. This study will use a dose (40mg/day) currently approved. Further, given that the primary purpose of the use of this medication in this study is not to correct hyponatremia, an investigational new drug (IND) application to the FDA was submitted, and the study was determined exempt. Our central hypothesis is that through reductions in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, the early use of conivaptan will reduce CE while also being safe to the patient. Our long term goal is to show that early use of conivaptan in ICH will reduce CE. If this reduction is possible, we hypothesize improved outcome and reducing the need for rescue therapies, ICU length of stay, and overall treatment cost will follow. However, more data is needed to evaluate the dosing and amount of drug. With respect to conivaptan's efficacy in correction of hyponatremia, a direct dose-response relationship exists. Further, this effect was more noted at milder degrees of hyponatremia.
Interventions
DRUGConivaptan
Patients will receive 20mg IV of the study drug every 12 hours equaling 40mg/day over 2 days (4 doses total), in addition to the standardized ICH management targets using the PI's version of standardized ICH management targets.Usual standard of care can include sedation and analgesia as needed, elevation of the head of the bed, mannitol and/or saline as needed to reduce ICP, and temperature control with antipyretics such as acetaminophen. The conivaptan bolus (20mg), which is premixed with 100ml of 5% dextrose in water, is infused (peripherally) over 30 minutes, most commonly through an already placed central line.
Sponsors
Jesse Corry
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
19 Years to 79 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age \>18 years old and \< 80 years. 2. Diagnosis of primary ICH \> 20 cc in volume. 3. Enrollment within 48 hours from initial symptoms. 4. Signed informed consent from the patient or obtained via their legally authorized representative (if the patient is not able to sign the informed consent themselves). The patient's decisional capacity to either provide or refuse consent will be determined using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which is being assessed at baseline and at 24 hours (+/-6hrs) after enrollment. A potential study participant with a GCS \> 14 will be asked to provide their own initial study consent. A GCS ≤ 14 would indicate the need to pursue consent via legally authorized representative.
Exclusion criteria
1. Current need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). 2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of \<30 mL/minute at time of admission. 3. Participation in another study for ICH or intraventricular hemorrhage. 4. ICH related to infection, thrombolysis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, trauma or tumor. 5. Presence of HIV or active fungal infection that is known based on information in the electronic medical record (EMR). 6. Continued use of digoxin or amlodipine (as recommended by the manufacturer due to cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A inhibition). 7. Active hepatic failure as defined by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \>160 units/L and/or alanine transaminase (ALT) \>180 units/L, or total bilirubin levels greater than four times normal levels (\>4.8mg/dL). 8. Serum Na+\> 145 mmol/L (admission labs or any time prior to recruitment/enrollment). 9. Unable to receive conivaptan based on contraindications indicated by the manufacturer. 10. Pregnant or lactating females. 11. Not expected to survive within 48 hours of admission, or a presumed diagnosis of brain death.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan | Baseline to 168 hours post-enrollment | The number of participants with abnormal seizure activity and/or abnormal lab values and/or increase in infection rate and/or any drug-related adverse events. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| In-hospital Mortality | Enrollment through hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks | All-cause deaths during hospitalization |
| Change in Cerebral Edema | Baseline to 168 hours post-enrollment | Changes in cerebral edema (CE) as measured on CT. Goal is a -5 to -10% change in CE over time. Change will be measured both as absolute change in volume, calculated as the final volume minus the baseline volume measure and converted to a percentage of the baseline volume measure. |
| Cost | Enrollment through hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks | Cost as measured by length of stay in the neuro ICU. |
| Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) Score | At discharge from ICU and from hospital, up to 3 weeks | Modified Rankin Scale (0 to 6) at discharge from the hospital. A score of 0 indicates no disability and a score of 6 indicates the patient died. Functional independence is defined as a score of 2 or less. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited based on physician referral at a single medical institution between March 1, 2017 and November 7, 2018. The first participant was enrolled on March 22, 2017 and the last participant was enrolled on November 7, 2018.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group All seven patients in this arm will receive conivaptan as described in Interventions.
Conivaptan: Patients will receive 20mg IV of the study drug every 12 hours equaling 40mg/day over 2 days (4 doses total), in addition to the standardized ICH management targets using the PI's version of standardized ICH management targets.Usual standard of care can include sedation and analgesia as needed, elevation of the head of the bed, mannitol and/or saline as needed to reduce ICP, and temperature control with antipyretics such as acetaminophen.
The conivaptan bolus (20mg), which is premixed with 100ml of 5% dextrose in water, is infused (peripherally) over 30 minutes, most commonly through an already placed central line. | 7 |
| Total | 7 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Conivaptan Treatment Group |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 58.5 years |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 7 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 7 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 7 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 7 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 7 / 7 |
Outcome results
Primary
Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan
The number of participants with abnormal seizure activity and/or abnormal lab values and/or increase in infection rate and/or any drug-related adverse events.
Time frame: Baseline to 168 hours post-enrollment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan | Abnormal Seizure Activity | 0 Participants |
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan | Abnormal Lab Values | 0 Participants |
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan | Infections | 1 Participants |
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Patient Tolerance of Conivaptan | Drug-related Adverse Events | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Cerebral Edema
Changes in cerebral edema (CE) as measured on CT. Goal is a -5 to -10% change in CE over time. Change will be measured both as absolute change in volume, calculated as the final volume minus the baseline volume measure and converted to a percentage of the baseline volume measure.
Time frame: Baseline to 168 hours post-enrollment
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Change in Cerebral Edema | -37.1 percentage of change from baseline |
Secondary
Cost
Cost as measured by length of stay in the neuro ICU.
Time frame: Enrollment through hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Cost | 14.4 days |
Secondary
Cost
Cost as measured by: 1. Need for external ventricular drain (EVD)/bolt or surgical procedures (craniectomy, clot evacuation,VPS) for reduction/management of CE. 2. Need for central venous lines, arterial lines, peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) lines, tracheostomy/percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs). 3. Number of patients requiring a ventilator.
Time frame: Baseline to 168 hours post-enrollment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Cost | EVD/bolt or surgical procedures | 0 Participants |
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Cost | Lines or tracheostomy/PEG | 7 Participants |
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Cost | Ventilator | 1 Participants |
Secondary
In-hospital Mortality
All-cause deaths during hospitalization
Time frame: Enrollment through hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | In-hospital Mortality | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) Score
Modified Rankin Scale (0 to 6) at discharge from the hospital. A score of 0 indicates no disability and a score of 6 indicates the patient died. Functional independence is defined as a score of 2 or less.
Time frame: At discharge from ICU and from hospital, up to 3 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Conivaptan Treatment Group | Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) Score | 5 score on a scale |