Prediabetes, Cardiovascular Disease
Conditions
Keywords
CVD, Hyperglycemia, Postprandial, Vascular Function
Brief summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is largely a lifestyle-related condition that is the #1 killer of adults in the United States. Our work is aimed at understanding how short-term increases in blood sugar, like those that accompany eating a meal, affect blood vessel function and the risk of CVD. This research is aimed at understanding how meals composed of eggs affect short-term increases in blood sugar from eating, which are connected with increased risk of CVD. In particular, the investigators are trying to identify a specific meal composed of either whole eggs, egg yolks, or egg whites, that best reduces acute increases in blood sugar brought on by meals that consist of majority carbohydrate. At the same time, the investigators are trying to explore the protective affects that eggs may have on blood vessel function and the reduction of CVD risk.
Detailed description
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States \[1\]. The inability of your blood vessels to properly enlarge and shrink, known as vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED), is an early event leading to CVD and can be caused by postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) \[1\] or short-term increases in blood sugar that occur after you have eaten. Although we do not know how this occurs, research shows that temporary increases in blood sugar impair the blood vessel's ability to properly enlarge and shrink. We also know that impaired vessel function is an early event leading to CVD and that research shows that short-term increases in blood sugar impair blood vessel function, even in healthy people \[2\]. Because high blood levels of cholesterol increase CVD risk, this has triggered flawed guidelines to restrict cholesterol in our diet \[3\], including limiting egg consumption. The misguided fear towards eating eggs has been routinely challenged by large-scale studies failing to associate eggs with heart disease risk \[4-8\]. Research shows that eggs improve the functioning of insulin to reduce blood sugar \[9\]. They also contain bioactive peptides that may attenuate oxidative stress \[10-11\]. This provides rationale for their study as a dietary strategy to reduce PPH and VED. Thus, the objective of this study is to define the potential benefits of eggs and its components (egg yolk and egg whites) on blood vessel health in adults with prediabetes.
Interventions
OTHERGlucose (100g)
Ingestion of glucose (100g)
OTHERGlucose (75g)
Ingestion of glucose (75g)
OTHERWhole Eggs
Ingestion of 1.5 whole eggs
OTHEREgg Whites
Ingestion of 7 egg whites
OTHEREgg Yolks
Ingestion of 2 egg yolks
Sponsors
Ohio State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL, 2. non-dietary supplement user, 3. no medications affecting vasodilation, inflammation, or energy metabolism, 4. no CVD, 5. nonsmokers, 6. individuals having blood pressure \<130/85 mmHg and total cholesterol \<240 mg/dL.
Exclusion criteria
1. unstable weight (±2 kg), 2. vegetarian or egg allergy, 3. alcohol intake \>3 drinks/d or \>10 drinks/wk), or 4. ≥7 h/wk of aerobic activity.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Vascular Endothelial Function | Area under the curve of brachial artery FMD for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Flow mediated dilation (FMD) evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate FMD area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in FMD from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (FMD 0 min- 0 min, FMD 30 min-0 min, FMD 60 min-0 min, etc) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose | Area under the curve for plasma glucose for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Glucose concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate glucose area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in glucose from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (glucose 0 min- 0 min, glucose 30 min-0 min, glucose 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA) | Area under curve of MDA for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min) | MDA concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate MDAarea under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in MDA from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (MDA 0 min- 0 min, MDA 30 min-0 min, MDA 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Insulin | Area under the curve for plasma insulin for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Insulin concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate insulin area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in insulin from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (Insulin 0 min- 0 min, insulin 30 min-0 min, insulin 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes) | CCK concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate CCK area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in CCK from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (CCK 0 min- 0 min, CCK 30 min-0 min, CCK 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Methylglyoxal (MGO) | Area under the curve for methylglyoxal for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | MGO concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate MGO area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in MGO from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (MGO 0 min- 0 min, MGO 30 min-0 min, MGO 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a | Area under the curve for 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 0 min- 0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 30 min-0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Arachidonic Acid (AA) | Area under the curve for arachidonic acid for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Arachidonic acid concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate arachidonic acid area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in arachidonic acid from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (arachidonic acid 0 min- 0 min, arachidonic acid 30 min-0 min, arachidonic acid 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid | Area under the curve for 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 0 min- 0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 30 min-0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx) | Area under the curve for NOx for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Biomarker of nitric oxide homeostasis is based on the assessment of total nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Changes relative to baseline were used to calculate area under the curve of total nitric oxide metabolites from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in nitric oxide homeostasis from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (NOx 0 min- 0 min, NOx 30 min-0 min, NOx 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Arginine (Arg) | Area under the curve for arginine for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Arginine concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate arginine area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in arginine from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (arginine 0 min- 0 min, arginine 30 min-0 min, arginine 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg) | Area under the curve for ADMA/Arg for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | ADMA/Arg concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate ADMA/Arg area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in ADMA/Arg from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (ADMA/Arg 0 min- 0 min, ADMA/Arg 30 min-0 min, ADMA/Arg 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg) | Area under the curve for SDMA/Arg for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | SDMA/Arg concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate SDMA/Arg area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in SDMA/Arg from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (SDMA/Arg 0 min- 0 min, SDMA/Arg 30 min-0 min, SDMA/Arg 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Angiotensin-II | Area under the curve for angiotensin-II for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Angiotensin-II concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate angiotensin-II area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in angiotensin-II from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (angiotensin-II 0 min- 0 min, angiotensin-II 30 min-0 min, angiotensin-II 60 min-0 min, etc) |
| Endothelin-I | Area under the curve for endothelin-I for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) | Endothelin-I concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate endothelin-I area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in endothelin-I from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (endothelin-I 0 min- 0 min, endothelin-I 30 min-0 min, endothelin-I 60 min-0 min, etc) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Study Participants All study participants received all 4 interventions in a randomized order (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, Glucose with Whole Eggs, Glucose with Egg Whites, Glucose with Egg Yolks). We will perform fasting measurements of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) using ultrasound, and draw a blood sample, prior to administration of the test meal. FMD will be performed intermittently post-ingestion of the test meal at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. Blood samples will be collected at 0 min (immediately prior to eating) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes following the ingestion of the meal. After each blood sample is obtained, the catheter will be flushed with saline in order to prevent the formation of clots and to minimize the likelihood of having to insert a needle again. Subjects will remain supine in a comfortable position for the entire duration of the test. | 20 |
| Total | 20 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Study Participants | — |
|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | — |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | — |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 20 Participants | — |
| Age, Continuous | 31.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 | — |
| Body Mass Index | 31.1 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 | — |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | 72 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 | — |
| Fasting Glucose | 6.0 mmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.4 | — |
| HDL Cholesterol | 0.64 mmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.16 | — |
| Insulin | 144.8 pmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.8 | — |
| LDL Cholesterol | 3.7 mmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 | — |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 20 participants | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 20 Participants | — |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | 123 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 | — |
| Total Cholesterol | 5.0 mmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.6 | — |
| Triglyceride | 1.5 mmol/L STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.6 | — |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
Outcome results
Primary
Vascular Endothelial Function
Flow mediated dilation (FMD) evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate FMD area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in FMD from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (FMD 0 min- 0 min, FMD 30 min-0 min, FMD 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve of brachial artery FMD for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Vascular Endothelial Function | -294.4 %FMD*min | Standard Error 41.35 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Vascular Endothelial Function | -152.9 %FMD*min | Standard Error 36.9 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Vascular Endothelial Function | -102.9 %FMD*min | Standard Error 34.31 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Vascular Endothelial Function | -361.6 %FMD*min | Standard Error 48.55 |
Secondary
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 0 min- 0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 30 min-0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a | 767110 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 187143 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a | 306758 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 185617 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a | 39117 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 90562 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a | 718932 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 199003 |
Secondary
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 0 min- 0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 30 min-0 min, 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/arachidonic acid for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid | 1254.6 (pmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 263.54 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid | 435.70 (pmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 141.32 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid | 538.81 (pmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 100.61 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid | 1151.2 (pmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 255.58 |
Secondary
Angiotensin-II
Angiotensin-II concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate angiotensin-II area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in angiotensin-II from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (angiotensin-II 0 min- 0 min, angiotensin-II 30 min-0 min, angiotensin-II 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for angiotensin-II for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Angiotensin-II | 1223.0 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 146.47 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Angiotensin-II | 292.45 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 55.01 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Angiotensin-II | 316.19 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 51.09 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Angiotensin-II | 341.89 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 59.04 |
Secondary
Arachidonic Acid (AA)
Arachidonic acid concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate arachidonic acid area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in arachidonic acid from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (arachidonic acid 0 min- 0 min, arachidonic acid 30 min-0 min, arachidonic acid 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for arachidonic acid for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Arachidonic Acid (AA) | -4771.6 umol/L*min | Standard Error 2971.8 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Arachidonic Acid (AA) | -6408.8 umol/L*min | Standard Error 2519.3 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Arachidonic Acid (AA) | -6109.1 umol/L*min | Standard Error 3093.4 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Arachidonic Acid (AA) | -10354 umol/L*min | Standard Error 3273.3 |
Secondary
Arginine (Arg)
Arginine concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate arginine area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in arginine from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (arginine 0 min- 0 min, arginine 30 min-0 min, arginine 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for arginine for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Arginine (Arg) | -3645.2 umol/L*min | Standard Error 313.94 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Arginine (Arg) | -1714.4 umol/L*min | Standard Error 227.65 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Arginine (Arg) | 503.67 umol/L*min | Standard Error 506.09 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Arginine (Arg) | -1472.5 umol/L*min | Standard Error 407 |
Secondary
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg)
ADMA/Arg concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate ADMA/Arg area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in ADMA/Arg from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (ADMA/Arg 0 min- 0 min, ADMA/Arg 30 min-0 min, ADMA/Arg 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for ADMA/Arg for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg) | 195.86 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 29.75 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg) | 59.30 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 22.83 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg) | -44.04 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 21.57 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/Arg) | 118.62 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 23.36 |
Secondary
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
CCK concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate CCK area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in CCK from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (CCK 0 min- 0 min, CCK 30 min-0 min, CCK 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | -254.018 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 54.122 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | 93.659 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 72.54 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | -29.193 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 80.656 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | -150.550 pmol/L*min | Standard Error 78.186 |
Secondary
Endothelin-I
Endothelin-I concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate endothelin-I area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in endothelin-I from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (endothelin-I 0 min- 0 min, endothelin-I 30 min-0 min, endothelin-I 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for endothelin-I for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Endothelin-I | 27.08 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 7.03 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Endothelin-I | -13.29 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 10.32 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Endothelin-I | -1.97 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 11.29 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Endothelin-I | 5.59 pg/mL*min | Standard Error 10.08 |
Secondary
Glucose
Glucose concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate glucose area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in glucose from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (glucose 0 min- 0 min, glucose 30 min-0 min, glucose 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for plasma glucose for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Glucose | 461.9 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 77.78 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Glucose | 247.5 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 52.67 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Glucose | 296.1 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 61.16 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Glucose | 390.6 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 51.13 |
Secondary
Insulin
Insulin concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate insulin area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in insulin from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (Insulin 0 min- 0 min, insulin 30 min-0 min, insulin 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for plasma insulin for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Insulin | 99433 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 14623 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Insulin | 73970 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 14917 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Insulin | 72645 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 15709 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Insulin | 79235 mmol/L*min | Standard Error 16634 |
Secondary
Methylglyoxal (MGO)
MGO concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate MGO area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in MGO from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (MGO 0 min- 0 min, MGO 30 min-0 min, MGO 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for methylglyoxal for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Methylglyoxal (MGO) | 2318.9 nmol/L*min | Standard Error 394.61 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Methylglyoxal (MGO) | 1807.4 nmol/L*min | Standard Error 264.49 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Methylglyoxal (MGO) | 1742.3 nmol/L*min | Standard Error 244.57 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Methylglyoxal (MGO) | 2611.8 nmol/L*min | Standard Error 229.58 |
Secondary
Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx)
Biomarker of nitric oxide homeostasis is based on the assessment of total nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Changes relative to baseline were used to calculate area under the curve of total nitric oxide metabolites from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in nitric oxide homeostasis from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (NOx 0 min- 0 min, NOx 30 min-0 min, NOx 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for NOx for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx) | -1213.9 umol/L*min | Standard Error 231.31 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx) | -39.71 umol/L*min | Standard Error 277.07 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx) | -245.34 umol/L*min | Standard Error 225.96 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Nitric Oxide Metabolites (Nitrites/Nitrates) (NOx) | 607.12 umol/L*min | Standard Error 315.01 |
Secondary
Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA)
MDA concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate MDAarea under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in MDA from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (MDA 0 min- 0 min, MDA 30 min-0 min, MDA 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under curve of MDA for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA) | 52.97 umol/L*min | Standard Error 8.674 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA) | 16.51 umol/L*min | Standard Error 8.978 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA) | 30.04 umol/L*min | Standard Error 4.996 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Oxidative Stress Biomarker (Malondialdehyde; MDA) | 59.2 umol/L*min | Standard Error 3.728 |
Secondary
Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg)
SDMA/Arg concentrations evaluated on the basis as change from baseline to calculate SDMA/Arg area under the curve from 0-180 min, i.e. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of change from baseline in SDMA/Arg from 0 min to 180 min (i.e., AUC (SDMA/Arg 0 min- 0 min, SDMA/Arg 30 min-0 min, SDMA/Arg 60 min-0 min, etc)
Time frame: Area under the curve for SDMA/Arg for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg) | 178.48 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 17.19 |
| Glucose With Whole Eggs | Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg) | 62.43 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 17.5 |
| Glucose With Egg Whites | Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg) | -37.95 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 18.72 |
| Glucose With Egg Yolks | Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/Arg) | 86.03 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min | Standard Error 11.88 |