Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Treprostinil in Pediatric PAH Patients Aged 7 to 17 Years

A Multicenter, Open-Label, 24-Week, Uncontrolled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Treprostinil Extended Release Tablets Following Transition From Remodulin or Inhaled Prostacyclin Therapy or as Add-on to Current PAH Therapy in De Novo Prostacyclin Pediatric Subjects Aged 7 to 17 Years With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Status

Completed

Phases

Phase 2

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT02276872

Enrollment

Registered

2014-10-28

Start date

2014-12-18

Completion date

2017-07-20

Last updated

2025-03-30

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

PAH

Keywords

pediatric, treprostinil, transition, Remodulin

Brief summary

This was a multi-center, open-label, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic study of oral treprostinil in pediatric subjects with stable PAH aged 7 to 17 years who were (1) transitioning from parenteral Remodulin therapy; (2) transitioning from inhaled prostacyclin therapy; or (3) not currently receiving prostacyclin therapy.

Detailed description

Study TDE-PH-206 was a multicenter, open-label study designed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and PK of oral treprostinil administered 3 times daily (TID) or 4 times daily (QID), at the discretion of the Investigator, with food in pediatric PAH subjects aged 7 to 17 years of age (1) transitioning from continuous IV/SC Remodulin, (2) transitioning from inhaled prostacyclin, or (3) as add-on to current PAH therapies in de novo prostacyclin subjects. Eligible subjects were assigned to a cohort based upon their background therapy. All subjects received oral treprostinil provided as 0.125, 0.25, 1, or 2.5 mg extended-release tablets. Subjects in Cohort 1 began the transition from IV/SC Remodulin in the hospital with a goal of complete transition to oral treprostinil within 5 days. The initial dose of oral treprostinil for Cohort 1 was calculated from the subject's dose of IV/SC Remodulin and weight. Subjects in Cohorts 2 and 3 were initiated on 0.125 mg TID or QID oral treprostinil with dose escalations possible every 24 hours in increments of 0.125 mg TID or QID at the discretion of the Investigator during the first 4 weeks, and in increments of either 0.125 mg or 0.25 mg every 24 hours thereafter. Cross titration occurred for Cohorts 1 and 2 such that doses of IV/SC Remodulin or inhaled prostacyclin were decreased as subjects were fully transitioned to oral treprostinil.

Interventions

DRUGoral treprostinil

Study design

Allocation

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

7 Years to 17 Years

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

1. Legal guardian informed consent and subject assent, if appropriate, to participate in the study was voluntarily given. 2. The subject was between 7 and 17 years of age, inclusive, on the date informed consent was signed. 3. Cohort 3: The subject weighed a minimum of 22 kg at Screening. 4. The subject had a current diagnosis of PAH (WHO Group I) associated with: 1. IPAH or HPAH 2. Persistent PAH for at least 1 year following surgical repair of a congenital systemic-to-pulmonary cardiac shunt, congenital heart disease, or other congenital heart lesions with no clinically significant residual defects and condition was stabilized hemodynamically 3. PAH in subjects with unrepaired restricted atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or patent ductus arteriosus; subject had a resting post-ductal oxygen saturation (off oxygen) of greater than 88%. 5. The subject had a current diagnosis of PAH confirmed by RHC prior to the Screening Visit with the following parameters: 1. PAPm of ≥25 mmHg 2. Pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRi) of \>3 Wood Units\*m2 3. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) of ≤15 mmHg. 6. Cohort 1: The subject had received IV/SC Remodulin for at least 90 days without dose change for at least 30 days prior to Baseline. The IV/SC Remodulin dose was between 25 to 75 ng/kg/min, inclusive, for the first 5 subjects in the cohort. Following safety review, the dose range was expanded to 25 to 125 ng/kg/min, inclusive, for the remaining subjects. Subjects must have received stable doses of all other PAH medications for at least 14 days prior to the baseline assessments; exception for diuretics and anticoagulants. 7. Cohort 2: The subject must have received inhaled prostacyclin for at least 90 days and had been at the current stable dose without changes for at least 30 days prior to Baseline. Subjects must have received stable doses of all other PAH medications for at least 14 days prior to the baseline assessments; exception for diuretics and anticoagulants. 8. All Cohorts: All subjects were optimally treated (as determined by the Investigator) with background PAH therapies (eg, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor \[PDE5-I\], endothelin receptor antagonist \[ERA\], soluble guanylate cyclase \[sGC\]) for at least 90 days and had been on a stable dose without changes (except documented weight based adjustments) for at least 30 days prior to the first dose of oral treprostinil. Subjects must have received stable doses of all other PAH medications for at least 14 days prior to the first dose of oral treprostinil; exception for diuretics and anticoagulants. 9. The subject was willing and able to swallow intact tablets whole without chewing, breaking, or splitting. 10. The subject was willing and able to comply with the dietary requirements associated with the oral treprostinil dosing regimen. 11. The subject was on stable doses of other medical therapy for 14 days prior to the Baseline Visit with no dose adjustments, additions, or discontinuations. Dose changes of diuretics were allowed if within the usual dose adjustments prescribed for the subject. Anticoagulants could have been adjusted, but not discontinued or added, within 14 days of Baseline. Temporary discontinuation of anticoagulants when related to study-related procedures was allowed. 12. Females of childbearing potential include any female who had experienced menarche. Females of childbearing potential must have practiced true abstinence from intercourse, had an intrauterine device, or used 2 different forms of highly effective contraception for the duration of the study and for at least 30 days after discontinuing oral treprostinil. Medically acceptable forms of effective contraception included approved hormonal contraceptives (such as birth control pills) or barrier methods (such as a condom or diaphragm) used with a spermicide. For females of childbearing potential, a negative urine pregnancy test was required at Baseline prior to oral treprostinil administration. Males participating in the study must have used a condom during intercourse for the duration of the study and for at least 48 hours after discontinuing oral treprostinil. 13. Subjects with a history of metallic implants, prior neurosurgical clip placement, or other potential contraindications to cMRI were individually evaluated per site standard operating procedures for MRI performance. 14. In the opinion of the Principal Investigator, the subject and/or legal guardian was able to communicate effectively with study personnel, and was considered reliable, willing, and likely to be cooperative with protocol requirements, including attending all study visits.

Exclusion criteria

1. The subject had a diagnosis of large unrestrictive ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus, Eisenmenger syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, or a chronic lung disease, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or interstitial lung disease. 2. The subject had a current disease severity of Panama FC IIIb or IV. 3. The subject had previously been exposed to oral treprostinil. 4. Cohort 1: The subject had previous intolerance to treprostinil or epoprostenol due to systemic adverse effects that resulted in discontinuation of therapy. This did not include site pain reactions or central venous catheter-related blood stream infections. 5. Cohort 1 and 2: The subject was receiving IV/SC Remodulin or Tyvaso® (as the inhaled prostacyclin) for any other disease or condition other than the treatment of PAH in accordance with the IV/SC Remodulin or Tyvaso package inserts (ie, eligible subjects must have had a WHO Group I PAH classification as defined in inclusion criterion #4). 6. Cohort 3: The subject had been previously exposed to a prostacyclin within 30 days of Screening, with the exception of vasoreactivity testing. 7. The subject was pregnant or lactating. 8. The subject had a current diagnosis of uncontrolled sleep apnea as defined by their physician. 9. The subject had severe renal insufficiency as defined by an estimated creatinine clearance \<30 mL/min (Schwartz Formula) or the requirement for dialysis at Screening. 10. The subject had moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction as defined by elevated liver function tests (aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase) ≥3 times the upper limit of normal at Screening, or Child Pugh class B or C hepatic disease. 11. The subject had clinically significant anemia as defined by a hemoglobin and/or hematocrit level \<75% of the lower limit of normal ranges according to age and gender. 12. The subject had Down Syndrome. 13. The subject had uncontrolled systemic hypertension as evidenced by a systolic or diastolic blood pressure greater than the 95th percentile for age, height, and gender at Screening or Baseline. 14. The subject and/or legal guardian had an unstable psychiatric condition or was mentally incapable of understanding the objectives, nature, or consequences of the study, or had any condition in which the Investigator's opinion would constitute an unacceptable risk to the subject's safety. 15. The subject had an active infection or any other cardiovascular, liver, renal, hematologic, gastrointestinal, immunologic, endocrine, metabolic, or central nervous system disease or condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, might have adversely affected the safety of the subject or interfered with the interpretation of study assessments. 16. Subject was actively listed for transplantation. 17. The subject was receiving an investigational drug, had an investigational device in place, or had participated in an investigational drug or device study within 30 days prior to Baseline. Participation in an observational study did not disqualify a potential subject from study participation.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Up to 24 weeks	A successful transition was defined as a subject from Cohort 1 or Cohort 2 who was receiving oral treprostinil and no longer receiving IV/SC Remodulin or inhaled prostacyclin, respectively, at Week 4 and clinically maintained on oral treprostinil treatment through Week 24. A successful initiation of oral treprostinil for Cohort 3 was defined as a subject who was clinically maintained on oral treprostinil through Week 24.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing - Change From Baseline in Minute Ventilation (VE)/Carbon Dioxide Output (VCO2) Slope at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) was performed with progressive cycle ergometry and ventilatory expired gas analysis obtained using a metabolic cart at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination. CPET consisted of measuring oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), and other variables in addition to a 12-lead ECG, blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and pulse oximetry.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing - Change From Baseline in Peak Watts at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) was performed with progressive cycle ergometry and ventilatory expired gas analysis obtained using a metabolic cart at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination. CPET consisted of measuring oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), and other variables in addition to a 12-lead ECG, blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and pulse oximetry.
Change in Symptoms of PAH From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	PAH symptoms (fatigue, dyspnea, edema, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, orthopnea) were assessed at the Baseline Visit prior to the initiation of oral treprostinil dosing and at Week 24. Scores range from 0 (for the best condition) to 3 (for the worst condition).
Change in Panama Functional Class From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Change from Baseline in subject clinical status was recorded according to the Panama Functional Class.
Change in WHO Functional Class From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Change from Baseline in subject clinical status was recorded according to the WHO Functional Class.
Change in 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	The intent of the 6MWT was to evaluate exercise capacity associated with carrying out activities of daily living. Total distance covered in a total of 6 minutes was measured. Oxygen saturation and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest prior to the 6MWT and monitored continuously during the walk. Recovery monitoring (HR and oxygen saturation) was performed and documented at Minute 0 (immediately upon stopping the 6MWT), Minute 1, Minute 2, and Minute 3 post walk.
Change in Borg Dyspnea Score From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	The Borg dyspnea score was assessed prior to and following the completion of the 6MWT at Week 24. The Borg dyspnea score is a 10-point scale rating the maximum level of dyspnea experienced during the 6MWT. Scores range from 0 (for the best condition) to 10 (for the worst condition).
Change in Quality of Life Assessed Via the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Questionnaire From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Four subscales \[items\]: (Physical \[8\], Emotional \[5\], Social \[5\], School Functioning \[5\]). Subjects and subjects' parent(s) completed PedsQL at Week 24. Response to each item on the subscales were graded 0-4 (0=never a problem, 1=almost never a problem, 2=sometimes a problem, 3=often a problem, 4=almost always a problem). Response to each item was transformed from the 0-4 scale to a 0-100 scale as follows: 0=100, 1=75, 2=50, 3=25, 4=0. Using transformed values, mean was computed as sum of the items in each subscale over number of items answered in the same subscale. Two summary scores (Psychosocial Health Summary Score and Total Scale Score) were calculated with a range of 0-100 (higher values indicating better outcome). Psychosocial Health Summary Score was mean computed as sum of the items over the number of items answered in the Emotional, Social, and School Functioning Scales. Total Score was calculated as sum of all items over number of items answered on all the scales.
Change in Plasma N-terminal Pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-Pro BNP) From Baseline to Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Plasma NT-proBNP concentration is a useful biomarker for PAH as it is associated with changes in right heart morphology and function.
Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular (LV) Stroke Volume Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing - Change From Baseline in Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2) at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) was performed with progressive cycle ergometry and ventilatory expired gas analysis obtained using a metabolic cart at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination. CPET consisted of measuring oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), and other variables in addition to a 12-lead ECG, blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and pulse oximetry.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular End-diastolic Volume (RVEDV) Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction (RVEF) at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular End-systolic Volume (RVESV) Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular (RV) Mass Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular (RV) Stroke Volume Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.
Maximum Observed Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cmax)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able. For the purposes of PK analysis, data for Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 following oral treprostinil administration were combined and compared to parenteral infusion (Cohort 1 Baseline data; Remodulin IV/SC).
Last Observed Drug Concentration in Plasma (Clast)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.
Average Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cavg)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.
Observed Minimum Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cmin)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.
Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to Tau Hours Post-dose (AUCtau)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.
Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to 8 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-8)	Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)	Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular (RV) Cardiac Output Index at Week 24	Baseline and Week 24	Cardiac MRI imaging was performed in all subjects aged 10 years and older at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination; imaging was optionally performed in subjects under the age of 10 years. The subject's BP was taken immediately prior to the cMRI assessment in the supine position to measure vascular parameters.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental) Transitioned from IV or SC Remodulin to oral treprostinil	10
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled) Transitioned from inhaled prostacyclin to oral treprostinil	10
Cohort 3 (Add-on to Current PAH Therapy) Treated with oral treprostinil as a de novo add-on to current PAH therapy	12
Total	32

Withdrawals & dropouts

Period	Reason	FG000	FG001	FG002
Overall Study	Adverse Event	1	0	0

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Cohort 3 (Add-on to Current PAH Therapy)	Total
Age, Categorical <=18 years	10 Participants	10 Participants	12 Participants	32 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Age, Continuous	10.0 years	13.5 years	13.5 years	12 years
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	4 Participants	2 Participants	1 Participants	7 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	6 Participants	8 Participants	11 Participants	25 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	1 Participants	1 Participants	2 Participants	4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	7 Participants	9 Participants	10 Participants	26 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	10 Participants	10 Participants	12 Participants	32 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	9 Participants	7 Participants	7 Participants	23 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	1 Participants	3 Participants	5 Participants	9 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk	EG002 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 10	0 / 10	0 / 12
other Total, other adverse events	10 / 10	10 / 10	12 / 12
serious Total, serious adverse events	5 / 10	0 / 10	4 / 12

Outcome results

Primary

Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).

A successful transition was defined as a subject from Cohort 1 or Cohort 2 who was receiving oral treprostinil and no longer receiving IV/SC Remodulin or inhaled prostacyclin, respectively, at Week 4 and clinically maintained on oral treprostinil treatment through Week 24. A successful initiation of oral treprostinil for Cohort 3 was defined as a subject who was clinically maintained on oral treprostinil through Week 24.

Time frame: Up to 24 weeks

Population: Safety Population

Arm	Measure	Group	Value (NUMBER)
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully maintained through 24 weeks	9 participants
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully transitioned/initiated within 4 weeks	10 participants
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully transitioned/initiated within 4 weeks	10 participants
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully maintained through 24 weeks	10 participants
Cohort 3 (Add-on to Current PAH Therapy)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully transitioned/initiated within 4 weeks	12 participants
Cohort 3 (Add-on to Current PAH Therapy)	Number of Participants With Successful Transition From IV/SC Remodulin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 1), From Inhaled Prostacyclin to Oral Treprostinil (Cohort 2), or as an add-on to Current PAH Therapy in de Novo Prostacyclin Subjects (Cohort 3).	Successfully maintained through 24 weeks	12 participants

Secondary

Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to 8 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-8)

Cohort 1 had three blood samples obtained at 'Time 0' and at 4 and 8 hours at the Baseline visit. All cohorts had five blood samples obtained from at 'Time 0' and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours at the Week 24 visit. Plasma samples were analyzed for treprostinil using a validated bioanalytical plasma assay. Individual and mean treprostinil plasma concentration data and treprostinil pharmacokinetic parameters, such as peak observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf), were determined as able.

Time frame: Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)

Population: PK Population. To provide a larger sample size for PK analysis, data for Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 following oral treprostinil administration were combined and compared to parenteral infusion (Cohort 1 Baseline data; Remodulin IV/SC).

Arm	Measure	Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN)	Dispersion
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to 8 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-8)	34.3 h*ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 37.7
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to 8 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-8)	22.4 h*ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 54.3

Secondary

Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to Tau Hours Post-dose (AUCtau)

Time frame: Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)

Arm	Measure	Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN)	Dispersion
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to Tau Hours Post-dose (AUCtau)	34.3 h*ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 37.7
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Zero to Tau Hours Post-dose (AUCtau)	22.2 h*ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 53.8

Secondary

Average Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cavg)

Time frame: Baseline (Cohort 1 only; 0, 4, 8 hours while receiving IV/SC Remodulin) and Week 24 (all cohorts; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours post-dose oral treprostinil)

Arm	Measure	Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN)	Dispersion
Cohort 1 (Transitioning From Parental)	Average Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cavg)	4.28 ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 37.7
Cohort 2 (Transitioning From Inhaled)	Average Drug Concentration in Plasma (Cavg)	2.80 ng/mL	Geometric Coefficient of Variation 54.5

Secondary

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing - Change From Baseline in Minute Ventilation (VE)/Carbon Dioxide Output (VCO2) Slope at Week 24

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) was performed with progressive cycle ergometry and ventilatory expired gas analysis obtained using a metabolic cart at Baseline and Week 24/Premature Termination. CPET consisted of measuring oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), and other variables in addition to a 12-lead ECG, blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and pulse oximetry.