Ependymoma
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether surgery and re-irradiation will help treat ependymoma that has come back after initial treatment. The combined doses of the first and second courses of radiation are higher than what is usual standard of care. The investigators will study the effects and side effects of surgery and re-irradiation. They will also evaluate and study tumor tissue and blood to learn more about the tumor and how it does or does not respond to treatments and will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see if they can predict tumor response and tumor recurrence. Participants will be followed for up to 5 years following enrollment. Evaluations during radiation therapy will be done weekly while receiving therapy for up to 7 weeks. Other evaluations will be done at enrollment, every 4 months from enrollment through 3 years, and every 6 months during the 4th and 5th year.
Detailed description
Stratification for treatment will be determined when radiation therapy planning is initiated. Patients will be stratified for outcome according to diagnosis and prior therapy. * Stratum 1 (initial pattern of failure is local); disease confined to primary site; age \>12 months at time of enrollment to \< 21 years. Treatment: focal irradiation. * Stratum 2 (initial pattern of failure is metastatic); neuraxis metastatic disease without equivocal evidence of local failure; age \> 36 months at time of enrollment to \< 21 years. Treatment: craniospinal irradiation. * Stratum 3 (Initial pattern of failure is both local and metastatic): neuraxis metastatic disease with unequivocal evidence of local failure; age \> 36 months at time of enrollment to \< 21 years. Treatment: craniospinal irradiation. * Stratum 4 (initial pattern of failure is local): disease confined to primary site, age \>36 months at time of enrollment to \<21 years; tumor shows presence of 1g gain. Treatment: craniospinal irradiation (optional). PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: * To prospectively estimate the progression-free and overall survival distributions for children and young adults with recurrent ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation while monitoring for excessive central nervous system necrosis. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: * To explore potential associations of clinical and treatment factors with the incidence and severity of neurological, endocrine and cognitive deficits in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. * Using specific measures of sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, daytime activity, fatigue, symptom distress, and quality of life, explore associations of sleep, fatigue and quality of life with other measures of CNS effects, clinical and treatment factors in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. * To evaluate and explore differences in physical performance and movement in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. * Estimate and compare the response of residual tumor and the incidence and severity of structural, physiological, and vascular effects of normal brain in children and young adults with ependymoma after treatment with a second course of irradiation using specific methods of diffusion, contrast-enhancement, magnetization transfer, vascular and functional neuroimaging, and explore the association between these and other measures of CNS effects and clinical and treatment factors. Determine the time course of gray matter and white matter tract injury and recovery post irradiation and the association between imaging metrics derived from serial quantitative neural imaging and radiation dosimetry as well as neuro-cognitive outcomes. Other Pre-Specified (Exploratory) Objectives: * Estimate the avidity of ependymoma to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 11C-methionine positron emission tomography (IND # 104987) prior to radiation therapy and correlate change in avidity 12, 24 and 36 months after a second course of irradiation with tumor progression. * Measure growth factor and cytokine responses in children and young adults with ependymoma after treatment with a second course of irradiation, and explore associations between these and other measures of CNS effects and clinical and treatment factors. Descriptively compare findings for patients treated with an initial course of irradiation. * To conduct a variety of exploratory molecular analyses on tumor samples (and blood where a germline control is required), including but not limited to broad (genome-wide / array-based) or focused (gene-specific) analyses at the DNA, RNA, or protein level and next generation (whole genome, exome, transcriptome) sequencing in an effort to improve the investigators understanding of ependymoma biology, and to explore associations between molecular findings and treatment response and various side effects including vasculopathy, hearing loss, cognitive deficits, and growth hormone deficiency and other measures as appropriate. * To explore the association of chemotherapy given prior to re-irradiation with progression-free survival and overall survival distributions * To compare the progression-free and overall survival distributions for children (age \>3 years) and young adults with recurrent ependymoma and 1g gain treated with a second course of irradiation (focal or craniospinal) while monitoring for excessive central nervous system necrosis.
Interventions
RADIATIONIrradiation
Radiation therapy on this protocol will be based on extent of disease, extent of resection and location. The allowed treatment modalities include conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy using photons or proton therapy using double-scattering or spot-scanning methods. The general goal is to initiate radiation therapy within 12 weeks of last surgery performed at the time of recurrence.
PROCEDURESurgery
When applicable, surgery will be used to remove metastases. The goal of surgery is to achieve gross total resection of all imaging visible residual tumor.
This is a contrast media that will be given intravenously to aid in tumor visualization.
DRUG^1^1C-methionine
This is a contrast media that will be given intravenously to aid in tumor visualization.
DEVICEPhoton therapy
Participants will receive one or both: Photon or proton therapy.
DEVICEProton therapy
Participants will receive one or both: Photon or proton therapy.
Sponsors
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
1 Years to 21 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Progressive intracranial ependymoma after prior focal irradiation * Patients aged 1-21 years at the time of enrollment * Adequate performance status (ECOG \< 3) and research participant does not require mechanical ventilation * Interval from start of initial radiation therapy to enrollment \> 9 months
Exclusion criteria
* Prior craniospinal irradiation * Pregnant women are excluded from enrollment on this study because radiation therapy is an agent with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects * Any patient with both metastatic ependymoma and age \< 3 years at the time of enrollment
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 3-year Overall Survival Rate | 2 years follow-up after initiation of radiation therapy for the last patient enrolled | OS was calculated from the date of initial radiation therapy to date of death or date of last contact for the patients who were treated with RT. The event of interest was death. |
| 3-year Progression-free Survival Rate | 2 years follow-up after initiation of radiation therapy for the last patient enrolled | To prospectively estimate the progression-free distribution for children and young adults with recurrent ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence Rate of Audiological Deficits | Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation | Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p-values. |
| Incidence Rate of Endocrine Deficits | Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation | Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p-values. |
| Number of Neurocognitive Deficits | Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation | — |
| Mean Change in Quality of Life by Treatment Arm | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. |
| Mean Change in Measured Task Sets | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Measured task sets: BOT2 (4-21 years old) and PPT (≥22 years old). * BOT2 outcome: total motor composite, a standardized score range from 20 to 80, with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. * PPT (7-item questionnaire) outcome: a score range from 0 to 28. The normative data is available from the human performance lab. The above scores will be standardized into z-scores/T-scores for data analysis based on normative data. |
| Mean Change in Physical Function | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Self-reported instruments (PROMIS): Three questionnaires. * Pediatric Physical Function - Mobility - SF1: 8-item questionnaire with the score range from 0 to 32. * Pediatric Physical Function - Upper Extremity - SF1: same as above. * Physical Function - SF1: 10-item questionnaire with the score range from 0 to 50. The above scores will be standardized into z-scores/T-scores for data analysis based on normative data |
| Mean Change in Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy |
| Mean Change in Waist/Hip Ratio (cm/cm) | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. |
| Mean Change in Ankle Dorsiflexion | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Ankle dorsiflexion active and passive range of motion: measured by goniometer, and recorded as an angle (degree). |
| Mean Change in Overall Flexibility in cm | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Overall flexibility: measured by sit and reach test, and recorded as a length (cm). |
| Proportion Change in Balance | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Balance measured by Measured by sensory organization test (SOT), and the result from the test is the equilibrium score, a percentage range from 0% to 100%, with the higher percentage, the better balance. The outcome is a binary variable with a cutoff score of \< 70% indicates future risk for a fall. |
| Mean Change in Fine Motor Coordination | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Fine motor coordination (finger and hand coordination). Measured by Composite Cerebellar Functional Severity Score (CCFS), and the outcome is an age-adjusted z-score and log transformed. |
| Mean Change in Overall Coordination | Fine motor coordination (finger and hand coordination). | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Overall coordination measured by brief ataxia rating scale (five-item questionnaire). The outcome is a total scale range from 0 to 22. |
| Mean Change of Lower Extremity Strength and Power | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Lower extremity strength measured by BiodexIII. The outcomes are peak torque value/body weight ratios at different speeds of motion. The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data. |
| Mean Change in Hand Grip Strength | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Hand grip strength is measured by a Jamar hand held dynamometer and recorded in kilograms (kg). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data. |
| Mean Change in Resting Energy Expenditure | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Resting energy expenditure is measured with indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast and recorded as REE (kcal/day). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data. |
| Mean Change in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) will be completed on a treadmill using the Balke protocol or cycle ergometer using an incremental ramping protocol. The outcome is recorded as VO2max (ml/kg/min). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data. |
| Longitudinal Change of Size (or Extent if Leptomeningeal Dissemination) of Residual Tumor | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as the last MRI prior to initiation of radiation therapy. |
| Longitudinal Change of Incidence and Severity of Structural Effects of Normal Brain | Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy | Baseline is defined as the last MRI prior to initiation of radiation therapy. |
| Longitudinal Change in Gray and White Matter Tissues | Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years | This outcome will be evaluated by neuroimaging. Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. |
| Longitudinal Change of Individual Variation and Risk Factors in Gray and White Matter Tissues | Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. |
| Incidence Rate of Neurological Deficits | Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation | Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcomes will be reported by p-values. |
| Change Over Time in Imaging Metrics | Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years | Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. |
| Incidence Rate of Ophthalmological Deficits | Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation | Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p values. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORThomas E. Merchant, DO, PhD
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Participant flow
Recruitment details
70 enrollments occurred on 68 participants between from April 21, 2014 and June 30, 2020.
Pre-assignment details
Of 70 enrollments, 3 were found to be ineligible and removed; 3 withdrew before reirradiation to seek other treatment. One participant who was initially ineligible was later found to be eligible and re-enrolled, and a participant who had previously withdrawn to seek other treatment options decided to pursue reirradiation and re-enrolled. The 2 screen failures St. Jude pathology did not result ependymoma diagnosis after consent as expected. Sixty-four (64) completed reirradiation treatment.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Reirradiation Children and young adults with Recurrent Ependymoma undergoing reirradiation. | 64 |
| Total | 64 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Reirradiation |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 9.95 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.11 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 9 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 55 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 51 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 24 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 40 Participants |
| Treatment Stratum Stratum 1(Initial pattern of failure is local) Treatment: Focal Irradiation | 25 Participants |
| Treatment Stratum Stratum 2 (Initial pattern of failure is metastatic) Treatment: CSI | 16 Participants |
| Treatment Stratum Stratum 3 (Initial pattern of failure is local and metastatic) Treatment: CSI | 15 Participants |
| Treatment Stratum Stratum 4 (Initial pattern of failure is local) Treatment: CSI (optional-presence of 1q gain & >3yo) | 8 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 8 / 64 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 30 / 64 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 64 |
Outcome results
Primary
3-year Overall Survival Rate
OS was calculated from the date of initial radiation therapy to date of death or date of last contact for the patients who were treated with RT. The event of interest was death.
Time frame: 2 years follow-up after initiation of radiation therapy for the last patient enrolled
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Reirradiation | 3-year Overall Survival Rate | 60.33 percentage of participants |
Primary
3-year Progression-free Survival Rate
To prospectively estimate the progression-free distribution for children and young adults with recurrent ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation.
Time frame: 2 years follow-up after initiation of radiation therapy for the last patient enrolled
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Reirradiation | 3-year Progression-free Survival Rate | 21.88 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Change Over Time in Imaging Metrics
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years
Secondary
Incidence Rate of Audiological Deficits
Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p-values.
Time frame: Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation
Secondary
Incidence Rate of Endocrine Deficits
Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p-values.
Time frame: Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation
Secondary
Incidence Rate of Neurological Deficits
Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcomes will be reported by p-values.
Time frame: Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation
Secondary
Incidence Rate of Ophthalmological Deficits
Evaluation will be in children and young adults with ependymoma treated with a second course of irradiation. Outcome will be reported with p values.
Time frame: Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation
Secondary
Longitudinal Change in Gray and White Matter Tissues
This outcome will be evaluated by neuroimaging. Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years
Secondary
Longitudinal Change of Incidence and Severity of Structural Effects of Normal Brain
Baseline is defined as the last MRI prior to initiation of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Longitudinal Change of Individual Variation and Risk Factors in Gray and White Matter Tissues
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline to recovery of gray and white matter tract injury, up to a maximum of 5 years
Secondary
Longitudinal Change of Size (or Extent if Leptomeningeal Dissemination) of Residual Tumor
Baseline is defined as the last MRI prior to initiation of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Ankle Dorsiflexion
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Ankle dorsiflexion active and passive range of motion: measured by goniometer, and recorded as an angle (degree).
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) will be completed on a treadmill using the Balke protocol or cycle ergometer using an incremental ramping protocol. The outcome is recorded as VO2max (ml/kg/min). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Fine Motor Coordination
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Fine motor coordination (finger and hand coordination). Measured by Composite Cerebellar Functional Severity Score (CCFS), and the outcome is an age-adjusted z-score and log transformed.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Hand Grip Strength
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Hand grip strength is measured by a Jamar hand held dynamometer and recorded in kilograms (kg). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Measured Task Sets
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Measured task sets: BOT2 (4-21 years old) and PPT (≥22 years old). * BOT2 outcome: total motor composite, a standardized score range from 20 to 80, with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. * PPT (7-item questionnaire) outcome: a score range from 0 to 28. The normative data is available from the human performance lab. The above scores will be standardized into z-scores/T-scores for data analysis based on normative data.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Overall Coordination
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Overall coordination measured by brief ataxia rating scale (five-item questionnaire). The outcome is a total scale range from 0 to 22.
Time frame: Fine motor coordination (finger and hand coordination).
Secondary
Mean Change in Overall Flexibility in cm
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Overall flexibility: measured by sit and reach test, and recorded as a length (cm).
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Physical Function
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Self-reported instruments (PROMIS): Three questionnaires. * Pediatric Physical Function - Mobility - SF1: 8-item questionnaire with the score range from 0 to 32. * Pediatric Physical Function - Upper Extremity - SF1: same as above. * Physical Function - SF1: 10-item questionnaire with the score range from 0 to 50. The above scores will be standardized into z-scores/T-scores for data analysis based on normative data
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Quality of Life by Treatment Arm
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Resting Energy Expenditure
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Resting energy expenditure is measured with indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast and recorded as REE (kcal/day). The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change in Waist/Hip Ratio (cm/cm)
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Mean Change of Lower Extremity Strength and Power
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Lower extremity strength measured by BiodexIII. The outcomes are peak torque value/body weight ratios at different speeds of motion. The scores will be standardized into z-scores for data analysis based on normative data.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Secondary
Number of Neurocognitive Deficits
Time frame: Through 5 years after initiation of second course of irradiation
Secondary
Proportion Change in Balance
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy. Balance measured by Measured by sensory organization test (SOT), and the result from the test is the equilibrium score, a percentage range from 0% to 100%, with the higher percentage, the better balance. The outcome is a binary variable with a cutoff score of \< 70% indicates future risk for a fall.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after initiation of radiation therapy
Other Pre-specified
3 Year Overall Survival (OS) Rates by Chemotherapy Groups
Time frame: 2 years after initiation of irradiation for the last patient enrolled
Other Pre-specified
3-year Progression-free Survival (PFS) Rates by Chemotherapy Groups
Time frame: 2 years after initiation of irradiation for the last patient enrolled
Other Pre-specified
Avidity of Ependymoma to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine PET Prior to Radiation Therapy
Baseline is the last FDG-PET and MET-PET prior to initiation of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline
Other Pre-specified
Genetic Variations in Germline
Evaluate will be of genetic variations in germline associated with treatment response and side effects. P-values will be reported. Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline
Other Pre-specified
Longitudinal Change of Avidity of Ependymoma to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine PET Prior to Radiation Therapy
Correlation of avidity of ependymoma to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine PET prior to radiation therapy with progression-free survival will be reported
Time frame: 12, 24 and 36 months after second course of irradiation
Other Pre-specified
Longitudinal Change of Necrosis Measured With MET/FDG and Necrosis Measured With MRI
Association between necrosis measured with MET/FDG vs. MRI Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy (RT).
Time frame: Baseline, and at 12, 24 and 36 month
Other Pre-specified
Mean Change Over Time in Cytokine Levels
Baseline is defined as day 1 of radiation therapy.
Time frame: Baseline through 5 years after radiation therapy