Bacterial Infection, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis
Conditions
Keywords
Bacterial infection, Dairy, Diarrhea, Diet, E.Coli, Gastroenteritis, Milk, Stool consistency
Brief summary
Background: The incidence of gastrointestinal infections is very high. In Western countries at least 30% of the population suffers from at least one food-borne infection per year. Mostly because of the problem of antibiotic resistance, more emphasis is put on prevention of infections. One of the possibilities is to strengthen human resistance to gut infections by consumption of milk ingredients. Aim: To study whether a milk protein concentrate rich in phospholipids improves the resistance of humans to enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Study design: The MIRAGE study is a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-weeks intervention with a milk protein concentrate rich in phospholipids in healthy subjects of 18-55 yrs of age. Participants will be randomly assigned to the milk protein concentrate rich in phospholipids or placebo group (n=30 per group). Subjects will be instructed to maintain their usual pattern of physical activity and their habitual food intake, but to standardize their dietary calcium intake. After an adaptation period of 2 weeks, subjects will be orally infected with a live, but attenuated, ETEC vaccine (strain E1392-75-2A; collection NIZO food research; dose will be 1010 CFU). Before and after infection, an online diary will be kept to record all food and drinks consumption (2x2 days) to assess the habitual dietary intake. The diary will also be used for daily recording of bowel habits and frequency and severity of gastrointestinal complaints. The following biological samples will be collected: 4x10 ml venous blood, a single fecal bolus (for screening) and 7x24 hrs feces. Blood is sampled for immune response analyses and the fecal samples are collected to quantify several infection- and immune system markers and to verify dietary calcium intake. Saliva is sampled three times before and after infection to quantify immune system markers. Primary outcomes: Fecal ETEC excretion and severity of diarrhea (quantified by fecal output per day). Secondary outcomes: Serum immune response to ETEC, self-reported stool consistency scores and gastrointestinal complaints, relative fecal wet weight.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTMilk protein
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTMilk protein rich in phospholipids
Sponsors
Arla Foods
Denmark
NIZO Food Research
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Signed informed consent * Age 18-55 yrs * Availability of internet connection * Willingness to replace habitual dairy product intake with the supplied low-calcium soy products * Willingness to abstain from products with high amounts of prebiotic fibers and from products with probiotics starting 1 month prior to study start * Willingness to give up blood donation from 1 month before the start of the experiment and during the entire experimental period.
Exclusion criteria
* Current or previous underlying disease of the GI tract, liver, bile bladder, kidney, thyroid gland (self-reported) * Allergy to milk products or lactose intolerance (self-reported), since the capsules may contain milk traces from culture media * Allergy to soy products (self-reported) * Use of antibiotics, norit, laxatives (up till 6 months prior to inclusion), cholestyramine, acid burn inhibitors or immune suppressive agents (up till 3 months prior to inclusion), and pre- and probiotics (up till 1 month prior to inclusion). * High titer serum antibodies against ETEC (10 ml blood sample collected at screening) * ETEC detected in fecal sample (collected at screening) * Vegetarians * Vegans * Heavy alcohol use (\>4 consumptions/day or \>20/week) * Drug use
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change of total daily fecal output over time as a marker of infectious diarrhea | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and on days 1,2,3,4,7 and 15 after challenge. | The change in the daily fecal output over time is compared between treatment and placebo group. |
| Change of fecal ETEC numbers over time as a marker of intestinal colonization resistance | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and days 1,2,3,4,7 and 15 after challenge | The change over time in fecal ETEC numbers is compared between treatment and placebo group. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gastro-Intestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) for gastro-intestinal complaints | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and on days 1-15 after challenge | — |
| Stool frequency (number of stools per day) | Day -1 and -2 and days 0-15 | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and on days 1-15 after challenge |
| Specific serum antibody response to CFAII | Before ETEC challenge and on day 15 after challenge. | — |
| % fecal wet weight as a marker for Diarrhea severity | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and days 1-15 after challenge. | — |
| Daily Bristol Stool Score as a marker for stool consistency | Days -1 and -2 before ETEC challenge and on days 1-15 after challenge. | — |
Other
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Calprotectin in feces | Before ETEC challenge and on day 2 and 3 after challenge. |
| Total fecal and salivary sIgA | Before ETEC challenge and on day 3 and 4 after challenge. |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed