Human Gut Microbiota
Conditions
Keywords
healthy volunteers, gut microbiota, gut microbiome, prebiotic, probiotic, antibiotic, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the effects of a prebiotic (Trametes Versicolor), a probiotic (Saccharomyces boulardii) and an antibiotic (amoxicillin) on the gut microbiota of healthy volunteers. It is expected that treatment will result in the rapid and reproducible alterations in fecal microbiota that will spontaneously reverse in the weeks after treatment is discontinued.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTTrametes versicolor extract
1,200 mg, 3 times daily on an empty stomach for 14 days
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTSaccharomyces boulardii
250 mg, 3 times daily on an empty stomach for 14 days
DRUGAmoxicillin
250 mg 3 times daily at least 1 hour before meals for 7 days
Sponsors
Hong Kong Association for Health Care
Integrated Chinese Medicine Holdings
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 39 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 18 to 39 years (male or female) * Good general health * Able to comply with study requirements and to provide informed consent * For women of childbearing potential * A negative urine pregnancy test immediately prior to starting the study treatment * Agreement to comply with approved methods of contraception during the period of active study treatment (not required during follow-up)
Exclusion criteria
* Any diagnosed autoimmune disease * History of organ transplantation * Known chronic or recurrent systemic disorder associated with immunocompromise * A history of allergy or hypersensitivity to mushroom or mushroom extract, brewer's or baker's yeast or to penicillins or cephalosporins (including amoxicillin). * History of severe allergic reaction (requiring hospital admission and/or the administration of parenteral medication or associated with dyspnoea, wheezing, hypotension, loss of consciousness). * Systemic antibacterial therapy during the 3 months prior to study enrollment * New prescription medications during the 4 weeks prior to study enrollment * Prescription or OTC medications or supplements that are known to alter gut function or microflora (i.e. acid antisecretory drugs, probiotics) during the 4 weeks prior to study enrollment * Active gastrointestinal or metabolic disease * Prior gastrointestinal surgery (apart from appendectomy or cholecystectomy) * History of chronic constipation with passage of fewer than 3 spontaneous bowel movements per week on average or chronic or recurrent diarrhea with spontaneous bowel movements more often than 3 times daily * Any condition or personal circumstance that, in the opinion of the investigator, renders the subject unlikely or unable to comply with the full study protocol.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Day 0 to 56 | The most prevalent bacterial genera within the study population Before Treatment: Average of Day -7 and Day 0 During Treatment: Average of Days 10 and 14 After Treatment: Average of Days 21, 28, and 56 |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Prebiotic Trametes versicolor extract: 1,200 mg, 3 times daily on an empty stomach for 14 days | 8 |
| Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii: 250 mg, 3 times daily on an empty stomach for 14 days | 8 |
| Antibiotic Amoxicillin: 250 mg 3 times daily at least 1 hour before meals for 7 days | 8 |
| Control Control group, no intervention given. | 8 |
| Total | 32 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Prebiotic | Probiotic | Antibiotic | Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 32 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 33.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.7 | 32.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 | 32.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.9 | 29.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 | 32 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 8 participants | 8 participants | 8 participants | 8 participants | 32 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 10 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 2 / 8 | 0 / 8 | 2 / 8 | 0 / 8 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 8 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 8 |
Outcome results
Primary
Bacteria Prevalence in Stool
The most prevalent bacterial genera within the study population Before Treatment: Average of Day -7 and Day 0 During Treatment: Average of Days 10 and 14 After Treatment: Average of Days 21, 28, and 56
Time frame: Day 0 to 56
Population: The investigators expanded their studies on the probiotic (Saccharomyces boulardii) to constitute a full, separate study. Reference: NCT01473368.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 2.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 22.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 5.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 3.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 13.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 12.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 1.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 7.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 8.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 0.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 10.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 3.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 2.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 6.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 20.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 14.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 17.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 1.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 6.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 3.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 9.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 9.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 4.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 4.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 7.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 10.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 8.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 3.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 4.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 17.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 18.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Amoxicillin - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 1.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 9.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 9.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 25.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 22.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 6.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 5.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 3.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 2.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 1.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 1.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 0.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 23.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 2.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 7.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 0.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 1.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 6.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 8.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 11.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 2.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 6.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 0.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 2.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 12.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 0.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 7.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 8.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 17.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 0.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 2.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 7.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 22.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 0.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 6.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 1.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 0.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 11.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 2.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 4.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 5.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 15.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 1.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 0.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 21.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 4.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 1.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 12.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 1.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 2.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 1.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 0.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 12.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Trametes Versicolor Extract - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 7.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 2.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 0.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 10.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 3.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 12.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 2.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 2.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 1.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 0.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 7.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 12.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 2.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 1.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - Before Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 19.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 2.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 10.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 25.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 0.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 0.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 6.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 14.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 2.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 1.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 10.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 5.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.8 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 1.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 2.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - During Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 0.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Prevotella | 1.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Alistipes | 1.1 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Akkermansia | 0.7 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Parabacteroides | 1.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Blautia | 2.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Faecalibacterium | 21.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Anaerotruncus | 0.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Phascolarctobacterium | 2.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Escherichia/shigella | 0.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Roseburia | 7.3 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Dialister | 11.4 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Bacteroides | 16.6 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Oscillospira | 2.2 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Clostridium | 10.5 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Coprococcus | 2.9 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Saccharomyces Boulardii - After Treatment | Bacteria Prevalence in Stool | Ruminococcus | 5.0 percentage of bacterial genera in stool | Standard Deviation 0 |
Comparison: Statistical analysis was performed using a variety of computer packages including XLstat, NCSS 2007, R and NCSS 2010p-value: <0.05ANOVA