Kidney Transplantation
Conditions
Keywords
Kidney, Renal, Rejection, High risk, Induction, Immunology, Transplantation, B Cell, Allograft, Desensitization
Brief summary
The purpose of this research study is to find out the effects of adding B lymphocyte modulating agents in patients at risk for rejection receiving an anti-rejection (immunosuppressive) regimen of Thymoglobulin® induction with Prograf®, Cellcept® and corticosteroid therapy.
Detailed description
Optimal induction regimens for patients at high risk for antibody and/or cell-mediated rejection have not been established. This pilot, prospective, randomized study evaluated addition of B cell/plasma cell-targeting agents to T cell-based induction with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) in high immunologic risk renal transplant recipients. Patients were randomized to induction with rATG, rATGþrituximab, rATGþbortezomib or rATGþrituximabþbortezomib.
Interventions
rATG will be given 1.5mg/kg intravenous (IV) per dose.
DRUGVelcade
Velcade will be given 1.3mg/m2 via intravenous push (IVP) per dose.
DRUGRituxan
Given via IV per group assignment.
Sponsors
Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Genzyme, a Sanofi Company
University of Cincinnati
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria to be enrolled in the study: * Voluntary written informed consent before performance of any study-related procedure not part of normal medical care, with the understanding that consent may be withdrawn by the subject at any time without prejudice to future medical care. * Patient is between the 18 and 65 years of age, inclusive. * Patient is considered high risk for acute rejection based on any one of the following: * Patient has a current Cytotoxic PRA≥ 20% or a peak Cytotoxic PRA ≥50% * Patient has a T or B-cell positive crossmatch (by flow cytometry) with confirmed donor-specific antibodies on solid-phase assay. * Historical positive serologic or cytotoxic crossmatch or DSA to donor * Prior allograft loss with a history of more than one acute rejection episode. * Female subject is either postmenopausal for at least 1 year prior to initiation of study treatment, is surgically sterilized, or if of childbearing potential, agrees to practice 2 effective methods of contraception from the time of signing the informed consent form through 30 days after the last dose of bortezomib, or agrees to completely abstain from heterosexual intercourse. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within the last 48 hours prior to receiving study medication. * Male subjects, even if surgically sterilized (i.e. status post-vasectomy) must agree to 1 of the following: practice effective barrier contraception during the entire study treatment period and through a minimum of 30 days after the last dose of study drug, or completely abstain from heterosexual intercourse. * Patient must have no known contraindications to treatment with bortezomib, rituximab, or thymoglobulin.
Exclusion criteria
* Patients that have previously received or are receiving an organ transplant other than kidney. * Patient who lost a previous allograft due to recurrence of disease * Patient is receiving a HLA identical living related kidney transplant * History of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions to humanized or murine monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies * Patients with an absolute neutrophil count of \< 1,000/mm3 or platelet count \< 100,000/mm3within 30 days of consent. * Patient has Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy by CTCAE criteria within 14 days before enrollment. * Myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment or has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure (see section 9.3), uncontrolled angina, severe uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic evidence of acute ischemia or active conduction system abnormalities. Prior to study entry, any abnormality on ECG performed within 30 days of consent has to be documented by the investigator or the patient's transplant nephrologist as not medically relevant. * Patients who are anti-HIV-positive, or HBsAg-positive or Anti-HCV positive on testing performed within one year of consent. * Diagnosed or treated for malignancy within 3 years of enrollment, with the exception of complete resection of basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, an in situ malignancy, or low-risk prostate cancer after curative therapy. * Patients with current or recent severe systemic infections within the 2 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment. * Receipt of a live vaccine within 4 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment. * Use of other investigational drugs within 30 days or 5 half-lives prior to initiation of study treatment, whichever is longer * Evidence of severe liver disease by medical history or physical exam with abnormal liver profile (aspartate aminotransferase \[AST\], alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\] or total bilirubin \> 1.5 times upper limit of normal \[ULN\]) on testing performed within 30 days of consent. * Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women and women who might become pregnant during the study. Female subject is pregnant or breast-feeding. Confirmation that the subject is not pregnant must be established by a negative serum -human chorionic gonadotropin pregnancy test result within the last 48 hours prior to receiving study medication. Pregnancy testing is not required for post-menopausal or surgically sterilized women. * EBV serologic mismatch (i.e. EBV+ donor transplanted to EBV- recipient) * CMV serologic mismatch (i.e. CMV+ donor transplanted to CMV- recipient)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection | 6 months | Antibody mediated rejection demonstrated to be due to, atleast in part, to anti-donor antibody at 6 months by Banff 97' criteria. Acute rejection IA - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of moderate tubulitis (\>4 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells). IB - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of severe tubulitis (\>10 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells) IIA - cases with mild to moderate intimal arteritis (v1) IIB - cases with server intimal arteritis comprising \>25% of the luminal area (v2) III - case with transmural arteritis and/or arterial fibrinoid change and necrosis of medical smooth muscle cells (v3 with accompanying lymphoctic inflammation) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 6 months | Antibody mediated rejection demonstrated to be due to, atleast in part, to anti-donor antibody at 6 months by Banff 97' criteria. Rejection due, at least in part, to documented anti-donor antibody ('suspicious for' if antibody not demonstrated); may coincide with categories 3, 4 and 5. Grade I. ATN-like - C4d+, minimal inflammation Grade II. Capillary- margination and/or thromboses, C4d+ Grade III. Arterial - v3, C4d+ |
| Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 6 months | Acute cellular rejection IA - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of moderate tubulitis (\>4 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells). IB - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of severe tubulitis (\>10 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells) IIA - cases with mild to moderate intimal arteritis (v1) IIB - cases with server intimal arteritis comprising \>25% of the luminal area (v2) III - case with transmural arteritis and/or arterial fibrinoid change and necrosis of medical smooth muscle cells (v3 with accompanying lymphoctic inflammation) |
| Patient Survival at 12 Months | 12 months | Patient was still alive 12 months post study enrollment. |
| Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months | 12 months | Patient's allograft was still functioning at 12 months post study enrollment |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) Thymoglobulin (RATG) x 6 doses (1.5mg/kg IV) Thymoglobulin is to be given on post operative days (POD) 0, 2, 4, 6 in all patients. Patients who receive a 5th dose will be administered a dose of Thymoglobulin on POD 8 and those who receive a 6th dose will be administered Thymoglobulin on POD 10. All groups will receive maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids (7 day corticosteroid taper to prednisone 5 mg daily). | 10 |
| RATG/Rituxan Thymoglobulin (RATG) x 5 doses (1.5mg/kg IV)+ Rituximab 375mg/m2 IV
Thymoglobulin is to be given on post operative days (POD) 0, 2, 4, 6 in all patients. Patients who receive a 5th dose will be administered a dose of Thymoglobulin on POD 8 and those who receive a 6th dose will be administered Thymoglobulin on POD 10. All groups will receive maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids (7 day corticosteroid taper to prednisone 5 mg daily). | 10 |
| RATG/Velcade Thymoglobulin (RATG) x 5 doses (1.5mg/kg IV) + Velcade (1.3 mg/m2 IVP)
Thymoglobulin is to be given on post operative days (POD) 0, 2, 4, 6 in all patients. Patients who receive a 5th dose will be administered a dose of Thymoglobulin on POD 8 and those who receive a 6th dose will be administered Thymoglobulin on POD 10. All groups will receive maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids (7 day corticosteroid taper to prednisone 5 mg daily). | 10 |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade Thymoglobulin x 4 doses (1.5mg/kg IV)+ Rituximab 200mg/m2 IV + Velcade (1.3 mg/m2 IVP)
Thymoglobulin is to be given on post operative days (POD) 0, 2, 4, 6 in all patients. Patients who receive a 5th dose will be administered a dose of Thymoglobulin on POD 8 and those who receive a 6th dose will be administered Thymoglobulin on POD 10. All groups will receive maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids (7 day corticosteroid taper to prednisone 5 mg daily). | 10 |
| Total | 40 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | RATG/Rituxan | RATG/Velcade | RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 49.9 years | 52.8 years | 50.6 years | 50.1 years | 50.9 years |
| Dialysis pre-transplant | 9 participants | 7 participants | 8 participants | 10 participants | 34 participants |
| Pre-transplant diabetes mellitus | 1 participants | 4 participants | 3 participants | 1 participants | 9 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 40 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 4 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 18 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 10 / 10 | 10 / 10 | 10 / 10 | 10 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 10 | 4 / 10 | 4 / 10 | 2 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection
Antibody mediated rejection demonstrated to be due to, atleast in part, to anti-donor antibody at 6 months by Banff 97' criteria. Acute rejection IA - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of moderate tubulitis (\>4 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells). IB - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of severe tubulitis (\>10 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells) IIA - cases with mild to moderate intimal arteritis (v1) IIB - cases with server intimal arteritis comprising \>25% of the luminal area (v2) III - case with transmural arteritis and/or arterial fibrinoid change and necrosis of medical smooth muscle cells (v3 with accompanying lymphoctic inflammation)
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection | 2 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan | Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection | 0 participants |
| RATG/Velcade | Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection | 5 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Incidence of Acute Rejection (Banff '97) or Antibody Mediated Rejection | 3 participants |
Secondary
Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005)
Acute cellular rejection IA - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of moderate tubulitis (\>4 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells). IB - cases with significant interstitial infiltration (\>25% of parenchyma affected) and foci of severe tubulitis (\>10 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section or group of 10 tubular cells) IIA - cases with mild to moderate intimal arteritis (v1) IIB - cases with server intimal arteritis comprising \>25% of the luminal area (v2) III - case with transmural arteritis and/or arterial fibrinoid change and necrosis of medical smooth muscle cells (v3 with accompanying lymphoctic inflammation)
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 1 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan | Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 0 participants |
| RATG/Velcade | Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 1 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Acute Cellular Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 0 participants |
Secondary
Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005)
Antibody mediated rejection demonstrated to be due to, atleast in part, to anti-donor antibody at 6 months by Banff 97' criteria. Rejection due, at least in part, to documented anti-donor antibody ('suspicious for' if antibody not demonstrated); may coincide with categories 3, 4 and 5. Grade I. ATN-like - C4d+, minimal inflammation Grade II. Capillary- margination and/or thromboses, C4d+ Grade III. Arterial - v3, C4d+
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 1 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan | Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 0 participants |
| RATG/Velcade | Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 3 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Antibody-mediated Rejection by Banff '97 Criteria (Updated 2005) | 1 participants |
Secondary
Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months
Patient's allograft was still functioning at 12 months post study enrollment
Time frame: 12 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months | 10 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan | Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months | 10 participants |
| RATG/Velcade | Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months | 9 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Patient Allograft Survival at 12 Months | 9 participants |
Secondary
Patient Survival at 12 Months
Patient was still alive 12 months post study enrollment.
Time frame: 12 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (RATG) | Patient Survival at 12 Months | 10 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan | Patient Survival at 12 Months | 10 participants |
| RATG/Velcade | Patient Survival at 12 Months | 10 participants |
| RATG/Rituxan/Velcade | Patient Survival at 12 Months | 9 participants |