Perimenopausal Depression, Depression
Conditions
Keywords
Gonadal Steroids, Estrogen Receptor, Mood Disorders, Perimenopause, Estradiol, Depression, Estrogen Response Element, Perimenopausal, Perimenopausal Depression
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs raloxifene and rimostil in treating perimenopause-related depression. Perimenopause-related mood disorders cause significant distress to a large number of women; the demand for effective therapies to treat these mood disorders is considerable. Estradiol replacement therapy (ERT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating perimenopause-related depression. Unfortunately, there are long-term risks associated with ERT. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS), such as raloxifene, and phytoestrogens, such as rimostil, have estrogen-like properties and may offer a safer alternative to ERT. The effect of SERMS and phytoestrogens on mood and cognitive functioning need to be examined in women with perimenopause-related depression. Participants in this study will undergo a medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), and blood and urine tests. They will then be randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments for 8 weeks: raloxifene pills plus a placebo (an inactive substance) skin patch, rimostil pills plus placebo skin patch, estradiol skin patch plus placebo pills, or placebo patch plus placebo pills. Participants will have clinic visits every 2 weeks. During the visits, blood will be drawn and participants will meet with staff members and complete symptom self-rating scales. A urine and blood sample will be collected at the beginning and end of the study. At the end of the study, participants who received placebo or whose study medication was ineffective will be offered treatment with standard antidepressant medications for 8 weeks. Non-menstruating women will receive progesterone for 10 days to induce menstrual bleeding and shedding of the inner layer of the uterus, which may have been stimulated by the study medications.
Detailed description
Perimenopause-related mood disorders cause significant distress to a potentially large number of women. The demand for effective therapeutic alternatives to estrogen for treating these mood disorders is considerable, as is the need to define clinical or biologic markers that may predict successful response of mood disturbances to phytoestrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Further, the study of potential biological mechanisms underlying both perimenopause-related mood disorders and their response to treatment may offer the possibility of uncovering some etiopathogenic mechanisms involved in these and related mood disorders. Results of protocol # 90-M-0077 demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of estradiol therapy (ET) in perimenopausal depression, independent of its effects on vasomotor symptoms. Nevertheless, the long term risks of ET to endometrial and breast tissues continue to deter many women from its use. Recently, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and phytoestrogens (plant-derived estrogen-like compounds) have become available and are reported to display both tissue-specific profiles of estrogen agonist and antagonist actions and differential affinities for the two forms of estrogen receptor. For many women, these novel compounds would represent a safer alternative to ET for the prevention of osteoporosis and the treatment of menopausal symptoms. However, the effects of SERMs and phytoestrogens on mood and cognitive function in perimenopausal women remain undetermined. In this protocol we wish both to investigate the effects of SERMs and phytoestrogens on mood and cognition under placebo controlled conditions and to compare these effects with estradiol therapy. This protocol will address the following questions: 1) Do selective estrogen receptor modulators or phytoestrogens improve mood and cognition in perimenopausal depressed women? 2) Are the mood and cognitive effects of SERMs and phytoestrogens comparable to those of ET? and 3) Do selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens improve measures of bone metabolism in perimenopausal depressed women?
Interventions
DRUGRaloxifene
60 mg a day orally administered
DRUGRimostil
1000 mg twice a day administered orally
100 microgram per day transdermal estradiol
DRUGPlacebo skin patch and placebo tablets
matched placebo skin patch to transdermal estradiol and matched tablets to either Raloxifene or Rimostil
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
40 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* INCLUSION CRITERIA: Subjects for this study will meet the following criteria: 1. Self-report of the onset of depression associated with menstrual cycle irregularity or amenorrhea; 2. A current episode of minor (meeting 3-4 criterion symptoms) or major depression (of moderate severity or less on the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV (SCID) severity scale and not meeting DSM-IV criteria symptom 9 (suicide)) as determined by the administration of the minor depression module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Lifetime Version (SADS-L). Additionally, to ensure that subjects meet a minimum threshold for severity of depression, subjects will have scores greater than or equal to 10 on either the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression (CES-D) Scale during at least three of the four clinic visits during the two month screening phase, as well as a 17 item Hamilton Depression score greater than or equal to 10. Subjects will be excluded if they meet any of the following criteria: major depression of greater than moderate severity, DSM-IV criteria # 9 (suicide), or anyone requiring immediate treatment after clinical assessment or functional impairment ratings of five or six for more than seven consecutive days on daily ratings; 3. Evidence of perimenopausal reproductive status; 4. Age 40 to 60; 5. No prior hormonal therapy for the treatment of perimenopause-related mood or physical symptoms within the last six months; 6. No history of psychiatric illness during the two years prior to the reported onset of the current episode of depression; 7. In good medical health, and not taking any medication or dietary and herbal supplements on a regular basis (with the exception of multivitamins and calcium supplements).
Exclusion criteria
The following conditions will constitute contraindications to treatment and will preclude a subject s participation in this protocol: 1\) Severe major depression with any of the following: 1. positive (threshold) response to SCID major depression section item # 9, suicidal ideation; 2. anyone requiring immediate treatment after clinical assessment; 3. severity ratings greater than moderate on the SCID IV interview; 4. functional impairment ratings of five or six for more than seven consecutive days on daily ratings. 2\) Current treatment with antidepressant medications. Our main concern is to exclude subjects taking medications that would treat or precipitate depression or adversely interact with reproductive hormones, phytoestrogens (e.g., anticoagulants), or SERMs. Thus, we wish to exclude only women receiving psychotropic medications, medications that have been reported to induce a change in mood or behavior, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive agents, or medications that may have a potential adverse interaction with the compounds employed in this study. 3\) History of psychiatric illness during the two years before the reported onset of the current episode of depression. 4\) History of ischemic cardiac disease, pulmonary embolism, retinal thrombosis, or thrombophlebitis; any subject with risk factors for thrombo-embolic phenomena including cigarette smokers; varicose veins, patients with prolonged periods of immobilization (including prolonged travel), and active heart disease. The literature suggests that although both smoking and hormone replacement/oral contraceptives have associated risks of thromboembolic phenomena and cardiovascular events, these individual risks do not become significantly greater when combined until greater than 10 cigarettes a day are consumed. Thus we wish to exclude only subjects for this study who smoke greater than 10 cigarettes per day. 5\) Renal disease, asthma. 6\) Hepatic dysfunction. 7\) Women with a history of carcinoma of the breast, or any women with a family history of the following: premenopausal breast cancer or bilateral breast cancer in a first degree relative; multiple family members (greater than three relatives) with postmenopausal breast cancer. 8\) Women with a history of uterine cancer, endometriosis, ill-defined pelvic lesions, particularly undiagnosed ovarian enlargement, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding. 9\) Patients with a known hypersensitivity to raloxifene, phytoestrogens (including Rimostil, isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, red clover extract and soy-related compounds), estradiol, Alora, medroxyprogesterone acetate, or the excipients (inactive compounds) contained within these medications including: Rimostil -tocopherols, cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium stearate, silica-colloidal anhydrous; Provera - calcium stearate, corn starch, lactose, mineral oil, sorbic acid, sucrose, talc; Alora - sorbitan monooleate, acrylic adhesive; Evista - anhydrous lactose, carnauba wax, crospovidone, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD& C) blue # 2 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, modified pharmaceutical glaze, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, and titanium dioxide. 10\) Pregnant women. 11\) Porphyria. 12\) Diabetes mellitus. 13\) Cholecystitis or pancreatitis. 14\) History of cerebrovascular disease (stroke), epilepsy, hypertension, hypercalcemia. 15\) Recurrent migraine headaches. 16\) Malignant melanoma. 17\) History of familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | Baseline | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) cutoff scores are typically used as a screen to identify clinically significant depression; a cutoff score of greater than 16 has been shown to correlate with clinically significant depression. In addition, a score between 8 and 15 has been used to define subsyndromal depression. The possible range of scores is zero to 60, with the higher scores indicating more symptoms, weighted by frequency of occurrence during the past week. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Two participants signed the consent but were not started (did not meet inclusion criteria.)
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Estradiol Transdermal estradiol 17-beta estradiol 100 micrograms a day by skin patch and placebo tablets for eight weeks | 17 |
| Placebo Placebo skin patch and placebo tablets for eight weeks | 19 |
| Raloxifene Raloxifene (Evista) 60 mg per day and placebo skin patch for eight weeks | 16 |
| Rimostil Rimostil (phytoestrogen) 1000mg twice a day and placebo skin patch for eight weeks | 11 |
| Total | 63 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Estradiol | Placebo | Raloxifene | Rimostil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 17 Participants | 19 Participants | 16 Participants | 11 Participants | 63 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 15 Participants | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 10 Participants | 55 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 13 Participants | 9 Participants | 13 Participants | 9 Participants | 44 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 17 Participants | 19 Participants | 16 Participants | 11 Participants | 63 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 17 | 2 / 19 | 1 / 16 | 0 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 17 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) cutoff scores are typically used as a screen to identify clinically significant depression; a cutoff score of greater than 16 has been shown to correlate with clinically significant depression. In addition, a score between 8 and 15 has been used to define subsyndromal depression. The possible range of scores is zero to 60, with the higher scores indicating more symptoms, weighted by frequency of occurrence during the past week.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The analyses included those subjects who started the study.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estradiol | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 27.4 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.76 |
| Placebo | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 29.1 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
| Raloxifene | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 28.8 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.9 |
| Rimostil | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 24.6 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
Primary
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) cutoff scores are typically used as a screen to identify clinically significant depression; a cutoff score of greater than 16 has been shown to correlate with clinically significant depression. In addition, a score between 8 and 15 has been used to define subsyndromal depression. The possible range of scores is zero to 60, with the higher scores indicating more symptoms, weighted by frequency of occurrence during the past week.
Time frame: Week 8
Population: The analyses included those subjects who completed eight weeks of study
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estradiol | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 9.6 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Placebo | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 10.5 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
| Raloxifene | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 15.8 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.9 |
| Rimostil | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | 16.1 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.8 |