Whiplash Injuries
Conditions
Interventions
Participants will be asked to only perform the assigned exercise intervention
any interference with the prescribed treatment will lead to exclusion. Participants will be asked to avoid analgesic drug intake 24 hours prior to the intervention, caffeine intake 8 hours before the
then, power output will be reduced to 25W again for cooling down (2 minutes). Heart rate will be recorded each minute during the increase in power output and then once every 3 minutes until the end of
G11.427.410.698.277
Sponsors
University of Seville
University of Seville
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria are aged between 18-65 years, have sustained a whiplash injury within the last 7 and 30 days, diagnosis of WAD grade IIaccording to Quebec Task Force
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria are WAD grade I, III or IV injury (neurological deficit, fracture or dislocation), presence of previous generalized pain or neuropathic pain condition, nerve root compromise (at least 2 of the following signs: weakness/reflex changes/sensory loss associated with the same spinal nerve), loss of consciousness after the accident, instability signs, psychiatric disorders, inflammatory or rheumatic disease, or tumours, previous surgery in the cervical or upper limbs region, previous whiplash injury, unwilling to perform a prescribed exercise intervention
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The Pressure Pain Threshold, which will be the primary outcome measure to quantify EIH, and will be recorded in newton/ cm2 using a digital algometer (Force TenTM -Model FDX; Wagner, Greenwich, CT, USA) with a round tip surface area of 1 cm2. The measurement will be taken over: a) the spinous process of C2 and C5, providing a measure of local pain sensitivity; b) muscle belly of the left tibialis anterior, providing a measure of remote sensitivity; and c) three bilateral upper limb sites (over the three main peripheral nerve trunks). These sites have already been used in investigations of pain sensitivity in patients with WAD. The evaluator will gradually increase the pressure until the patient indicates “Yes” at the first perception of pain. Two measurements will be taken at each site, with 30 seconds between each measurement, obtaining an average of the PPT at each site for the statistical analysis. This measure will be taken at baseline, post-intervention and 24 hours later. EIH will be defined as the difference between the pre and post intervention PPT. Median and standard deviation will be calculated . We expect to find an increase in pain pressure threshold in both exercise interventions, but not in control intervention, measured through a digital algometer, with a difference at least of 30% pre-post intervention | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Self-reported neck pain intensity will be measured using a VAS. Participants will be instructed to indicate their current pain intensity by drawing a vertical line on a 0-100 mm horizontal line, with 0 representing no pain and 100 unbearable pain, obtaining a score ranging from 0-100. This outcome has good validity and reliability. This outcome will be measured at baseline, immediately post exercise and 24 hours post exercise. The difference of pain intensity will be recorded. We expect to find a reduction in pain intensity in both exercise interventions, but not in control intervention, measured visual analogue scale, with a difference at least of 30% pre-post intervention;The Neck Disability Index is a self-assessment instrument of the specific functional status of subjects with neck pain. It consists of 10 items, each of them rated on a 6 point scale with responses ranging from no disability (0) to complete disability (5). An overall score is generated by summing the score for each item and multiplying by 2. The NDI has been widely applied in patients with WAD with good reliability and validity, and has been validated in Spanish . This outcome will only be assessed at baseline. We expect to find a reduction in pain disability in both exercise interventions, but not in control intervention, measured through neck disability index, with a difference at least of 30% pre-post intervention;Pain Catastrophizing Scale is a self-administered scale consisting of 13 items on catastrophic thinking about pain. All items are rated in a 5-point. The total score is generated by summing the ratings of each item. PCS has been used in patients with WAD and is validated in Spanish. This outcome will only be assessed at baseline.We expect to find a reduction in pain catastrophism in both exercise interventions, but not in control intervention, measured through neck disability index, with a difference at least of 30% pre-post intervention;Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia-11 is a self-admini | — |
Countries
Spain
Contacts
Public ContactErnesto Anarte-Lazo
Outcome results
None listed