Pregnancy and Childbirth
Conditions
Interventions
Integrated Antenatal Education Intervention
Sponsors
David Onchonga
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Participants were eligible for inclusion if they: 1. Were pregnant women aged 18–45 years 2. Had a singleton low-risk pregnancy 3. Were between 22 and 27 weeks’ gestation at recruitment 4. Had high fear of childbirth defined as a score =66 on the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A (W-DEQ-A) 5. Were able to read and write in English or Kiswahili 6. Provided written informed consent to participate in the study
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Participants were excluded if they: 1. Had a diagnosed psychiatric disorder 2. Developed obstetric complications during the study period 3. Were unable to complete follow-up assessments
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Postpartum fear of childbirth measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version B (W-DEQ-B), a 33-item validated instrument assessing women’s childbirth-related fear. Scores range from 0 to 165, with higher scores indicating greater fear of childbirth. The outcome was assessed at one week postpartum. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Postpartum depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a validated 10-item questionnaire assessing symptoms of postnatal depression. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Outcome assessed at one week postpartum. Childbirth experience measured using the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a validated instrument assessing women’s perceptions of their childbirth experience across four domains: own capacity, professional support, participation, and perceived safety. Outcome assessed at one week postpartum. | — |
Countries
Kenya
Contacts
Public ContactDavid Onchonga
University of East Anglia
Outcome results
None listed