Surgery
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Adult patients (18–65 years) undergoing elective simple inguinal hernia repair under spinal anesthesia who provide informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Allergy to tramadol, chronic pain conditions, psychiatric illness, renal/hepatic impairment, bleeding disorders, and pregnancy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Mean Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain scores at 6, 12 and 24 hours; need for rescue analgesia; side effects (nausea, vomiting, sedation). | — |
Countries
Uganda
Contacts
Dean faculty of clinical medicine and dentistry Kampala International University