Injury, Occupational Diseases, Poisoning Musculoskeletal Diseases Exercise-induced muscle injury, muscle soreness, adaptation
Conditions
Interventions
Group 1: Pre- and Post-Eccentric Exercise Intake of natural cocoa powder (NCP)
Group 2: Pre-Eccentric Exercise Intake of NCP Group
Post-Exercise Intake of NCP Group
Non-intake of NCP group
Sponsors
None listed
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Subjects will be included in the study based on the following: (1) Subjects must maintain the usual normal activities of daily living, (2) Subjects who are not involved in any exercise or have not performed any exercise for the past six (6) months prior to the study especially, eccentric exercises of the lower extremities such as downhill running either overground or on treadmill, running or walking down stairs, jumping or weight training. (3) Subjects must be medically and physically fit and must be without any medical history for which the exercise protocol is contraindicated. Thus, potential participants will complete a health history questionnaire. In addition, a medical doctor will examine participants in order to include eligible ones. (4) Subjects must be between 18 and 30 years. (5) Subjects should have normal resting CK levels
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Subjects will be excluded based on the following: (1) Subjects who are already involved in structured exercise programmes or have been involved in eccentrically-biased lower limb exercises prior to the study, (2) Subjects with anemia, musculoskeletal limitations, known inflammatory conditions, diabetes, heart disease, known kidney problems, smoking, chronic use of anti-inflammatory medications (including over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), pregnancy or any other conditions or medications for which exercise is contraindicated. (3) Subjects with abnormal resting levels of the biochemical markers of muscle damage, immune function, oxidative stress and electrolyte balance. (4) Subjects taking natural cocoa powder as beverage or on any anti-oxidant or anti-inflammatory supplements.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Plasma markers of muscle injury: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase;Physical markers of muslce injury: perceived muscle soreness rating, muscle strength, muscle circumference, knee and hip range of motions;Inflammatory markers of muscle injury: Plasma IL-6, TNF-¿, and IL-10 ;oxidative stress markers: Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GPX) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC);Electrolytes: plasma levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cl- and H+ | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Full blood count | — |
Countries
Ghana
Contacts
Public ContactEmmanuel Bonney
Assistant Lecturer/Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ghana
Outcome results
None listed