Surgery
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: ASA physical status I or II Ages ranged from 18 to 60 years
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: inability to use the PCA device renal or hepatic dysfunction cardiac failure ischemic or valvular heart disease long-term use of certain medications (ß-blockers, analgesics, sedatives or tricyclic antidepressants) Psychiatric illness alcohol abuse emergency surgery Pregnancy moderate to severe obstructive or restrictive respiratory disease
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The total dose of postoperative morphine consumption | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain intenon , Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at specific time points (every five minutes) during the surgical procedure.:- | — |
Contacts
lecturer of anesthesia and pain management, Cairo University