Auditory hallucinations Voice-hearing.
Conditions
Interventions
A scientific article will be written to present and discuss the findings. 
Sponsors
GGZ inGeest
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 64 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: - Adults (18+) with self-reported voice-hearing or otherwise known as auditory hallucinations in the past month. - Either diagnosed with a psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia. - Have the ability to provide informed consent. - Dutch-born. - Self identify as either (a) secular/atheist or (b) islamic.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: - Primary diagnosis other than a psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia (e.g., bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, PTSD, personality disorders) that better accounts for the auditory hallucinations. - Substance-/medication-induced psychotic episodes (including current intoxication or withdrawal that explains voice-hearing). - Acute psychiatric crisis requiring immediate inpatient care or posing high risk to self or others. - Severe cognitive impairment or neurodevelopmental / neurodegenerative disorders that prevent valid informed consent or reliable interview data (e.g., moderate–severe intellectual disability, advanced dementia, major neurological disease). - Insufficient language proficiency for the interview such that translation would be required and might confound cultural interpretation. - Not born in the Netherlands. - Do not self-identify exclusively as secular/atheist or Islamic (e.g., identify with another religion, are pluralistic/mixed, or decline to state).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| - Attribution: islamic participants may emphasize spiritual explanations (e.g., jinn/invisible spirits), while secular participants may emphasize psychological/neurological accounts.- Content and agency: Voices may issue commands in both groups, but interpretations of obedience and resistance may differ.- Helpfulness: islamic participants may report religious or ritual practices as protective; Dutch participants may describe therapeutic or personal coping strategies.- Impact: Cultural beliefs may mediate whether voices are perceived as threatening, supportive, or socially discrediting. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| - Demographic characteristics: age, sex/gender, and cultural background, used to explore contextual differences in experiences.- Clinical background: diagnosis (psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia), duration of symptoms, and treatment context (inpatient or outpatient).- Religious and cultural involvement: level of religious practice, cultural identity, and perceived support from the faith community.- Perceived support and help-seeking behavior: sources of support (family, faith community, professional care) and experiences with care providers.- Functional and emotional impact: influence of voices on daily functioning, relationships, and emotional well-being. | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Contacts
Public ContactR.D. Vellinga
GGZ inGeest
Outcome results
None listed