overgewicht en obesitas overweight and obesity
Conditions
Interventions
The two treatments are 1) a 14-days ultra-processed slow eating rate diet, and
2) a 14-days ultra-processed fast eating rate diet. During the treatment period
participants will eat all of their main
Sponsors
Wageningen Universiteit
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 64 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: - Between 21-50 years old at the day of inclusion - Being able to read and understand English - BMI 21-27 kg/m2 - Good general and mental health and appetite (self-report) - Commonly (5 out of 7 week days) eating three meals a day around approximately the same times (self-report).
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: - Difficulties with swallowing, chewing and/or eating in general - Suffering from an endocrine or eating disorder, gastrointestinal illness or illness of the thyroid gland, cardio-vascular diseases, bowel diseases, respiratory disease, neurological diseases, or diabetes, anaemia, cancer, or psychiatric conditions such as clinical depression, burnout or anxiety or bipolar disorder. - Having a history of low blood pressure - Having taste or smell disorders self-report - Braces (not including a dental wire) or oral piercing - Followed an energy restricted diet during the last 2 months - Currently using or in the past 3 months (calculated from the first day of the study) used prebiotics supplements, probiotic supplements and/or antibiotics - Gained or lost 5 kg of body weight over the last half year - High restrained eater (DEBQ restrained eater scale >= 2.90 for males and >= 3.40 for females [23])* - Use of medication, including but not limited to hormone therapy or medications that affect the immune system or any medication that influences study outcomes such as food intake, appetite in general or metabolic responses (self-report) - Consuming on average more than 21 (men) or 14 (women) glasses of alcohol per week - Pregnant or lactating women, or women who are planning on becoming pregnant within the study period. - Smoking (daily) - Not willing to stop using drugs during the study period (from inclusion till last test session) - Not willing to stop consuming alcohol during the intervention weeks - Exercising more than 4 hours per week (excluding biking and walking at a normal pace and distance) - Following a vegetarian or vegan diet - Allergies or intolerance to any ingredient of the test meals - Not willing to eat the test food because of eating habits or believes - Do not like > 20% of the test foods or its ingredients based on pictures and descriptions of the meal (scoring items 50% of dietary food intake (g) is derived from ultra-processed foods (based on a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) based on normative data collected in pre-trial.* The 50% cut-off is based on median intake of UPFs in Dutch cohort studies - Being unfamiliar with > 25% of the test meals - Signed up for participating in another research study - Being an employee or thesis student of the Division of Human Nutrition and Health at Wageningen university - Radiological investigation during past 7 days where iodine or barium containing contrast fluids have been used (DEXA contra-indication) - Nuclear medical investigation involving isotopes during past 7 days (DEXA contra-indication) Exclusion after screening: - HB value is not between 7.5-11.0 mmol/L (women), 8.5-11.0 mmol/L (men) - Fasted glucose level is below > 3.5 mmol/L or higher than 8 mmol/L - Blood pressure is below 90/60 mm hg (below 90 and/or below 60 mm hg) - Veins are not suited for blood sampling (as judged by trained research nurses) - Persons with little difference ( 20% of the test foods based tasting small portions (1 bite) of each of the meals (scoring items below <= dislike on a nine point Likert scale)* * This exclusion criterion will not explicitly be communicated to the participants to prevent desirable
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The main outcome measure is the average (across two weeks) daily energy intake (kcal/day) in each diet arm | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Secondary study parameters include: food (gram) ,energy (kcal) and nutrient (gram, EN%) intake in gram and kcal on the level of the food, meal day and week, pre-, and post meal appetite, body weight and body composition changes and distribution fat mass vs fat free mass, changes in postprandial hormone responses and respiratory quotient to a mixed meal tolerance test as a marker of metabolic flexibility, changes in blood pressure, continues glucose levels and long term satiety hormones (leptin, ghrelin), | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed