personality disorder problems in personality functioning
Conditions
Interventions
The study consists of a randomised variabel phase in which participant recieve
no treatment. In the second phase participants will recieve adjusted
schematherapy by using a compact version of a sche
Sponsors
GGZ Breburg Groep (Rijen)
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 99 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria are 1) age of 60 years or older, 2) willingness to participate in the study and 3) a primary diagnosis of an avoidant, dependent or obsessive-compulsive PD, or PD otherwise specified with cluster C traits, also known as cluster C PD.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria are a diagnosis of severe depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, IQ under 80, substance dependence, autism spectrum disorder or neurocognitive disorder (Mini Mental State Examination; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) defined as score under 25). No other psychiatric treatment can take place during the course of the study, and medication is kept constant during the study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| As a primary outcome measure, the credibility of the core beliefs representing EMS and EAS of their personality are assessed. At the start of the baseline phase, participants will describe two to three core belief EMS and two to three core belief EAS in short statements following a semi-structured procedure. The credibility of these statements are rated on a 100 point visual analogue scale (VAS), scoring from 0 to 100 percent. As for the qualitative part of the study, the data collected through interviews and focus groups will be transcribed verbatim with annotations for behavior and without phonetic transcription of dialects and filler words into protocols and transcripts. Thematic Analysis (TA) is applied to analyze and interpret the qualitative data resulting from the interviews (verbatim text transcripts). TA is a method used to recognize, analyze and report on patterns (themes) within a qualitative study (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Verhoeven, 2020). Here we follow the six steps as defined by Verhoeven (2020) and described by Braun and Clarke (2006): 1. Data exploration, 2. Initial coding, 3. Searching for themes, 4. Reassessing themes, 5. Defining and labeling themes, and 6. Describing the results. These steps will involve the use of a statistical program for the analysis of qualitative data (atlas.ti or a similar program; to be determined). Researcher's reports and interpretations following the interviews will be watched and evaluated by a colleague experienced in qualitative research, to check the quality of the TA process ('peer debriefing'; see Baarda et al., 2005; Nowell et al., 2017; Verhoeven, 2020). Researcher and peer reviewer will also monitor during data analysis and interpretation if (and when) there are indications of content saturation, or saturation, in other words, if (and when) the interviews no longer seem to yield new information (Verhoeven, 2020). And through "member checking" (Nowell et al., 2017), interviewees are asked | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Participants are diagnosed with cluster C PDs using the Dutch version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for personality disorders (SCID-5-PD, First, Williams, Smith Benjamin, & Spitzer (2016). This is a generally accepted and widely used instrument for diagnosis of DSM-5-PDs. This semi structured interview consists of 134 open-questions rated from 1 *absent of false*; 2 *subthreshold*; *threshold or true*; and *?* in case not enough information is available. The SCID-5-P is similar to the Dutch version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (Weertman, Arntz, Kerkhofs, 2000), of which inter-rater agreement appeared excellent in adults with an average age of 35.5 years (range 18-61), with a mean value of Cohen's kappa of .84 (Lobbestael, Leurgans, Arntz, 2011). The most commonly used EMS measure is the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ; Young & Brown, 1994; Dutch translation Sterk & Rijkeboer, 1997). This questionnaire is a self-report assessment instrument of 205 items, to assess the 16 EMS as defined by Young and colleagues (2003). Research on the Dutch YSQ showed support for the psychometric properties and clinical relevance (Rijkeboer et al., 2005; Rijkeboer & Van den Bergh, 2006), and it appeared to be highly age neutral when applied to older adults (Pauwels et al., 2014). The Schema Mode Inventory (SMI; Young et al., 2007, Dutch translation Lobbbestael, van Vreeswijk, Spinhoven, Schouten, & Arntz, 2010) is used to measure schema modes, an important construct in ST (Young, 2003). This questionnaire is a self-report assessment instrument of 118 items divided into 14 modes. The Dutch SMI has excellent test-retest reliability and the convergent ad divergent validity of the subscales are satisfactory (Lobbestael, van Vreeswijk, Spinhoven, Schouten, & Arntz, 2010). The Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ; Louis et al., 2018) is a questionnaire used to assess positive schemas (EAS). It has 56 items d | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed