Pain stress
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: - Adult (age *18 years and
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: - Significant hearing impairments, impeding listening to music. - Current use of analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety medication, antihypertensive medication. - Current treatment by a medical specialist or general practitioner. - Current (suspected) pregnancy. - Severe mental or psychiatric disorder. - Presence of pain complaints, such as acute pain, myalgia, or presence of a chronic pain syndrome (defined as ongoing pain lasting longer than 3 months). - Current complaints of tinnitus. - Medical history of cardiac rhythm disorders. - Current use of corticosteroids.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain endurance (mA) | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Heart rate variability Anxiety (VAS anxiety) Salivary cortisol Salivary alpha amylase Sex Age Highest level of education Hand dominance Medication use Use of oral contraceptives Smoking Use of drugs Use of alcohol Anxiety/Depression/PTSD History of experience with electric pain stimulus models Importance of music | — |
Countries
Netherlands