Diabetes type2diabetes
Conditions
Interventions
The intervention consists of a 10-day cold acclimation period (the 1st day 2
hours, the 2nd day 4 hours and day 3-10 6 hours).
Sponsors
Universiteit Maastricht
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 99 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: * Caucasians * Age: 45 * 70 years * BMI: 27-35 kg/m2 * Gender: male or female * Women should be postmenopausal * Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at least 1.5 years before the start of the study * Relatively well-controlled type 2 diabetes: HbA1c
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: I* Participate in physical activity more than 2x/week * Unstable body weight (weight gain or loss > 5 kg in the last three months) * Participation in another biomedical study concerning brown adipose tissue within 1 month before the first screening visit * Insulin dependent type 2 diabetes patients * Smoking * Men: HB
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| * Meal test: metabolism of triglyceride, cholesterol and lipoproteins after a meal * Insulin senstivity as determined by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| * Pulse Wave Velocity: to measure arterial stiffness * Retina photography: central retinal arterial equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and arteriovenous ratio (AVR). * Muscle biopsy: molecular analysis of insulin signalling and analysing an insulin independent pathway causing GLUT4 translocation. Primary myotubes obtained from the muscle biopsies will be cultured to investigate the underlying molecular pathway. Skeletal muscle lipid accumulation is measured by immunofluorescence microscopy. * Intrahepatic lipid content measured non-invasively with H-MRS * iButtons: to measure skin temperature during cold exposure * Bloodsamples: HBA1C, Endothelial/inflammatory markers and energy metabolism markers * Questionnaires: Thermal sensation and comfort * Energy expenditure: measured with indirect calorimetry | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed