airway infection upper respiratory tract infection
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Age 18-50 yr Signed informed consent Availability of internet connection Male or female Willing to stop blood donation at the blood bank during the study period
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Currently participating in another clinical trial Previous cholera, Salmonella, or E. coli vaccination Tonsillectomy Acute gastroenteritis in the past 2 months Use of antibiotics in the past 2 months Hypersensitivity to the vaccine, to formaldehyde or to any of the excipients (sodium salts) Pregnancy or lactating (pregnancy test will be performed on the vaccination days) Not willing to drink raw milk Allergic to milk or lactose-intolerant Disease of GI tract, liver, gall bladder, kidneys, thyroid gland Immune-compromised Use of immunosuppressive drugs Drug abuse, and not willing/able to stop this during the study Excessive alcohol usage (men: >4 consumptions/day or >20 consumptions/week; women: >3 consumptions/day or >15 consumptions/week)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Primary outcome is the increase in vaccine-specific secretory IgA or IgG levels detectable in nasal washes, as a measure for upper airway immunity. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Secondary outcomes are: - Vaccine-specific secretory IgA (and IgG) levels in saliva, serum and feces - Percentage of antigen-specific IgA or IgG positive B cells with airway-homing potential - Antigen-specific T cell proliferation. In case of positive outcomes on the primary and/or secondary outcome parameters, stored serum, saliva, nasal wash or fecal material may also be explored by analysis of markers of inflammation or gut permeability (such as calprotectin, CRP, cytokines/chemokines, I-FABP). | — |
Countries
Netherlands