1) trisomy 21 or Down syndrome
Conditions
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Vrije Universiteit
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 99 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Control group: *aged 18 years or older *the group is matched with Down syndrome group on age and sex *speaking and understanding the Dutch language;Patient group: *Down syndrome *calendar age 18 years or older *speaking and understanding the Dutch language *indications of possible dementia (in half of the subjects; see §4.4 Sample size calculation) *estimated IQ 35 or higher *sufficient understanding of the tests for pain experience and the cognitive tests;We are interested in musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. arthrosis, hip abnormalities or degenerative cervical spine instability), but this is not a request. We are both interested in persons that report pain and in persons that do not complain about pain (especially that last group is relevant). Thus, a presumption of pain is not a request.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Control group: *diagnosis of intellectual disability *age
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain experience; difference in pain experience between control group, Down syndrome, and Down syndrome with indications for dementia. Pain experience (both groups) consists of parameters for - intensity of pain - affect of pain - location of pain - tactile perception of pain - pain behaviour (observation of facial expressions and body movements) Relationship between pain experience and cognitive functioning (neuropsychological test battery) in Down syndrome without and with indications for dementia. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Possible confounding variables that will be examined in both studies: - psychiatric comorbidity ([hetero]anamnesis and medical file) - physical comorbidity (medical file) - medication (medical file) The usefulness of a computer test to answer questions about pain experience independently | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed