posttraumatic stress disorder
Conditions
Interventions
In both conditions, participants will first receive 8 sessions of stabilization
treatment according to the STAIR protocol (Cloitre, Cohen, & Koenen, 2006). In
the second phase, participants will eit
see Cloitre et al., 2006) or 16 sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995).
Sponsors
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Eligibility
Age
18 Years to 99 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1) Meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD 2) having experienced repeated or chronic interpersonal trauma before the age of 14 (e.g., sexual or physical abuse) 3) at least 18 years of age 4) having sufficient fluency in Dutch to complete treatment and research protocol 5) Participants using prescribed anti-depressant medication are required to be on a stable dose for at least 2 weeks before the beginning of treatment and remain on this dose throughout the treatment.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1) Psychiatric problems that may interfere with the study participation or that require more intensive care than can be offered in the present study, including dementia, psychotic symptoms, depression with suicidal ideation, full-blown borderline personality disorder, substance dependence 2) current use of tranquilizers
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The main dependent variables are (1) the percentage of participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1996) (2) the PTSD symptom severity, assessed with the Clinian-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, & Perry, 1997). | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Secondary study parameters are: (1) Symptom levels/clinical problems typically associated with PTSD following early-onset chronic interpersonal trauma, namely (a) Symptom levels of depression assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) (b) Levels of anger, assessed with the State Trait Anger Inventory (STAXI; Spielberger, 1991) (c) Emotion regulation difficulties, assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) (d) Interpersonal problems, assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz, Rosenberg, Baer, Ureno, & Villasenor, 1988) (e) Dissociation, assessed with the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) (f) Quality of Life, assessed with the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-QoL; Trompenaars, Masthoff, Van Heck, Hodiamont, & De Vries, 2005) (2) Variables shown to be involved in the maintenance of PTSD that can be expected to be reduced as a consequence of successful treatment, namely (a) negative trauma-related appraisals, assessed with the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI; van Emmerik, Schoorl, Emmelkamp, & Kamphuis, 2006) (b) dysfunctional coping strategies (e.g., avoidance, safety behaviours, rumination, thought suppression) assess with the Responses to Intrusions Questionnaire (RIQ; Ehring, Ehlers, & Glucksman, 2006) and the Avoidance and Safety Behaviours Questionnaire (ASBQ; Ehring et al., 2006) (c) characteristics of the trauma memory, assessed with the Trauma Memory Questionnaire (TMQ; Halligan, Michael, Clark, & Ehlers, 2003) and a narrative task (d) social support, assessed with the Crisis Support Scale (CSS; Joseph, 1999) | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed