Anaemic girls
Conditions
Interventions
Participants in the treatment arm of the RCT will receive an multiple-micronutrient fortified biscuits (MMB) enriched with 11 vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, A, D, K1, E, niacin, folate and as
Sponsors
Wageningen University and Research and University for Development Studies
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Must be an adolescent girl in either age cohort (Pre-menarche: 10-13 years or post-menarche:14-17 years). 2. Apparently healthy without any visible any visible sign(s) of poor health, non-pregnant and non-lactating 3. Must have Hb = 80g/L using a HemoCue in the field (will be referred to hospital if Hb <80g/L) 4. Not taking medication (medical drug use) or nutrient supplements (e.g. iron) at time of enrolment 5. Not currently participating in another intervention study with food, supplement or drug 6. Willing to consume biscuits from Monday-Friday (5 times per week) as a snack at school for 26 weeks 7. Must have no history of medical or surgical events that may significantly affect the study outcome 8. No sign of chronic infection or metabolic disorder 9. No Mental status that is incompatible with the proper conduct of the study 10. Not afraid to donate approximately 12ml of blood (~2.5 teaspoons) on 2 different occasions during the study 11. Willing to participate and informed consent of parent/guardian obtained
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Having a history of medical or surgical events that may significantly affect the study outcome. 2. Severely anaemic (Hb < 80g/L); excluded from the study and referred to the hospital. 3. Medical drug use. 4. Any sign of chronic infection or metabolic disorder. 5. Currently participating in another intervention study with food, a supplement or drug 6. Clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency (cornea ulceration, night blindness) and clinical signs of iodine deficiency (visible goitre). 7. Severely underweight (BAZ < -3 SD). 8. Have any known food allergy to biscuits. 9. Not willing or afraid to give up blood donation during the study. 10. Refusal of parents.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Changes in micronutrient status ?Hb ?Serum ferritin (SF) ?Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), ?Retinol-binding protein (RBP) ?Serum zinc ?Serum folate ?Vitamin B12 | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| ? Anthropometric indicators (e.g. attained height, height-for-age z-score, body-mass-index-for-age z-score) and body composition (bio-electric impedance) ? Cognitive development/skills ? Academic performance ? Perceptions and aspirations (qualitative) | — |
Contacts
Public ContactFusta Azupogo
Wageningen University and Research
Outcome results
None listed