COPD, chronic heart failure hypoxemia, skeletal muscle dysfunction
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. COPD patients: COPD according to GOLD criteria. 2. CHF patients: diagnosis heart failure with an ejection fraction <40% determined by echocardiography; 3. Healthy persons.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: COPD patients: malignancy, cardiac failure, distal arteriopathy, recent surgery, severe endocrine, hepatic or renal disorders, oxygen therapy and recent participation in a revalidation program (previous 6 months). CHF patients: unstable disease, unstable angina pectoris, correctable cause of heart failure or valvular heart disease, restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, malignancy, pulmonary disease (including primary pulmonary hypertension and COPD), distal arteriopathy, recent surgery, severe endocrine, hepatic or renal disorders and recent participation in a revalidation program (previous 6 months).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Main outcome parameters are the expression levels of HIF-1á, PGC-1 and PPARs (before and after exercise), which will be measured at protein and mRNA level by western blotting and PCR respectively; 2. Also, markers of hypoxia such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA-9) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) will be investigated using real time PCR; 3. Beside this, metabolic enzyme activities (citrate synthase, â-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase) and muscle fiber type proportions will be determined to assess muscle oxidative phenotype; 4. Main outcomes in the adipose tissue biopsies comprise of adipocyte size, gene expression levels of inflammatory and hypoxia-related genes and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Secondary outcome parameters are skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity. | — |