Childhood Obesity
Conditions
Keywords
Responsive Parenting, Obesity Prevention, Parent-Child Communication, Parental Mindfulness, Infant Sleep, Infant Soothing, WIC, Telehealth, Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST)
Brief summary
The Parent Responsiveness Optimized: Growth, Regulation, Eating, Sleep, and Soothing (PROGRESS) study is a randomized clinical trial designed to prevent early childhood overweight among rural, low-income families participating in the Pennsylvania Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (PA WIC). The study will enroll 328 first-time mother-infant dyads, with infants having a birthweight at or above the 50th percentile, and follow families from infancy through age 2 years. All participants will receive responsive feeding education through WIC as part of standard care. In addition, the study will test three telehealth-delivered responsive parenting intervention components: (1) sleep-soothe-play guidance, (2) parent-child communication support using infant signing, and (3) parental mindfulness training. Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) framework (a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design), participants will be randomly assigned to one of eight conditions representing different combinations of these intervention components. Participants not receiving a specific intervention component will receive a safety education curriculum. This approach allows investigators to evaluate the individual and combined effects of each intervention component and identify the most effective and efficient intervention package. The purpose of the study is to determine which responsive parenting components, alone or in combination, are most effective in reducing the risk of overweight and promoting healthy growth during early childhood. The primary outcome is overweight at age 24 months, defined as body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex at 24 months. Secondary weight outcomes include BMI trajectory over 24 months, BMI z-score at 24 months, conditional weight gain from birth to 6 months, growth from 6-24 months, and obesity (BMI at or above 95th percentile for age and sex) at 24 months. Additional outcomes include responsive parenting practices, parent-child communication, parental mindfulness, and implementation outcomes such as intervention fidelity, adherence, acceptability, and participant satisfaction. Findings from this study may help identify scalable, evidence-based strategies for preventing early childhood overweight in rural, low-income populations and support future integration of optimized responsive parenting interventions within WIC and other community-based services.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSleep-Soothe-Play Responsive Parenting
A telehealth-delivered responsive parenting intervention designed to promote healthy growth by supporting age-appropriate sleep, soothing, and play practices during infancy and toddlerhood. Parents receive guidance on establishing sleep routines, promoting self-soothing skills, reducing the use of feeding to soothe non-hunger distress, responding sensitively to child cues, supporting emotional regulation, and engaging in developmentally appropriate play activities that foster healthy development and parent-child interactions.
BEHAVIORALParent-Child Communication
A telehealth-delivered intervention designed to enhance parent-child communication through infant signing and responsive communication strategies. Parents learn to recognize and respond to their child's communication cues and are taught age-appropriate signs related to feeding, sleep, play, emotions, and daily routines. The intervention aims to improve communication clarity, support responsive parenting, strengthen parent-child interactions, and help children express needs, interests, and emotions before the development of spoken language.
BEHAVIORALParental Mindfulness
A telehealth-delivered intervention designed to increase mindfulness in parenting and improve parental self-regulation. Parents receive training in emotional awareness, non-reactivity, self-compassion, attention to child cues, stress management, and mindfulness-based coping strategies. The intervention aims to strengthen responsive parenting by helping parents recognize and regulate their own emotions while responding sensitively and appropriately to their child's needs and emotional signals.
BEHAVIORALChild Safety Curriculum
A telehealth-delivered, dose-matched child safety education program that serves as a control condition for intervention components not assigned in the factorial design. Content is based on American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations and includes safe sleep, injury prevention, food safety, home safety, car seat safety, water safety, and age-appropriate child safety guidance. The amount of safety education provided varies according to the number of intervention components not assigned, ensuring equivalent intervention intensity and participant contact across study conditions. Participants receiving no experimental intervention components will receive the full safety curriculum, while those receiving one or more intervention components will receive a proportionally reduced safety curriculum, with intermediate levels matched to intervention assignment. The curriculum provides equivalent participant contact without delivering experimental intervention content.
BEHAVIORALResponsive Feeding Education (Standard of Care via WIC)
All participants receive responsive feeding education from WIC nutritionists as part of routine WIC services. Education focuses on recognizing and responding appropriately to infant hunger and fullness cues, establishing healthy feeding routines, delaying introduction of complementary foods until developmentally appropriate, promoting healthy dietary patterns, and supporting responsive feeding practices that encourage self-regulation of food intake. This intervention is provided to all study participants and is not experimentally assigned.
Sponsors
Penn State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
2 × 2 × 2 factorial design using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) framework
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
0 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Infant inclusion criteria: * Singleton * Born at ≥37 weeks gestation. * Birthweight at or above the 50th percentile for gestational age and sex. Mother inclusion criteria: * Age 18 years or older * Pregnant in the third trimester (at recruitment)/≤1 month postpartum (at enrollment) * Participating in the Pennsylvania Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) at a participating site * First-time mother (primiparous) * English-speaking * Willing and able to provide informed consent and participate in study procedures through the child's age of 24 months. Infant
Exclusion criteria
* Multiple gestation (e.g., twins, triplets) * Born \<37 weeks gestation * Birthweight below the 50th percentile for gestational age and sex * Medical conditions, congenital anomalies, genetic disorders, or chronic health conditions that may substantially affect growth, feeding, development, or participation in study activities. * Participation in another study that, in the opinion of the investigators, could interfere with study outcomes or participation. Mother
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Overweight at age 24 months | 24 months of age | Child overweight status defined as body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. BMI will be calculated from measured weight and height obtained through WIC and/or primary care provider anthropometric assessments. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Body Mass Index (BMI) Trajectory | Birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months | Body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) calculated from measured weight and length/height collected at WIC visits and/or pediatric well child visits. Longitudinal BMI measurements will be used to evaluate growth trajectories from infancy through age 24 months. |
| BMI z-Score | 24 months | BMI-for-age z-score calculated using CDC growth references. |
| Conditional Weight Gain | Birth to 6 months | Conditional weight gain from birth to 6 months, calculated as standardized residuals from the regression of weight-for-age z-score at 6 months on weight-for-age z-score at birth, with length-for-age z-score at birth, gestational age at birth, length-for-age z-score at 6 months, and age at time of 6 month measurement as covariates |
| Obesity at 24 months | 24 months | Child obesity status defined as body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts |
| Growth from 6-24 months | Age 6 to 24 months | BMI from 6 to 24 months will be analyzed using a multilevel model |
Contacts
CONTACTLindsey Hess, MPH
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORJennifer Savage, PhD
Penn State University
Outcome results
None listed