Blood Biomarkers, Cognition, Exercise Recovery, Muscle Damage, Physical Performance Parameters, Stress
Conditions
Keywords
Firefighters, Beef Protein, Dietary Protein, Ready-to-Eat Meals, Tactical Athletes, Fireground Test, Occupational Performance, Exercise Recovery, Muscle Soreness, Cognitive Performance
Brief summary
This clinical trial aims to determine whether consuming beef-based protein before and after physically demanding simulated firefighting activities improves recovery, physical performance, and cognitive performance in healthy adult firefighters. The study will also compare beef-based protein meals with plant-based protein meals. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Does consuming beef-based protein reduce changes in markers of muscle damage, physiological stress, and muscle soreness following a simulated fire ground test? Does consuming beef-based protein help maintain or improve physical and cognitive performance during recovery compared with plant-based protein? Researchers will compare two ready-to-eat meal conditions: beef-based protein, and plant-based protein. Each participant will complete all two conditions in a randomized crossover design, with 14 to 21 days between conditions.
Detailed description
Firefighting is a physically and cognitively demanding occupation characterized by repeated exposure to strenuous activity, heat stress, heavy personal protective equipment, and time-sensitive occupational tasks. These demands can produce substantial physiological stress and fatigue that may influence recovery and readiness for subsequent occupational activities. Despite the importance of maintaining readiness between demanding events, relatively little is known about how short-term dietary strategies, particularly protein source and intake, influence recovery in career firefighters. This study will examine the effects of short-term consumption of ready-to-eat meals (RTEM) differing in protein source and quantity on physiological recovery and occupational performance following strenuous simulated firefighting activity. The study uses a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design in healthy adult career firefighters. Participants will complete two experimental conditions separated by a 14- to 21-day washout period. The dietary conditions consist of beef-based protein RTEM and plant-based protein RTEM. The beef- and plant-based conditions are designed to provide comparable energy and macronutrient intake while allowing investigation of potential differences associated with protein source. During each experimental condition, participants will complete a simulated fire ground test (FGT) consisting of nine occupationally relevant firefighting tasks while wearing personal protective equipment and a self-contained breathing apparatus. The FGT includes hose deployment and pulling, charged hose deployment, equipment carrying, a low-room search, forcible entry, ladder carrying, stair climbing and hose hoisting, ceiling breach activities, and a victim-dummy drag. Measures of FGT completion time, heart rate, air consumption, and work efficiency will be collected to characterize occupational performance and physiological demand. Recovery will be evaluated before the simulated firefighting activity and during the subsequent recovery period. Assessments will characterize blood-based markers of catabolism, immune stress, muscle damage, and clinical safety, as well as muscle soreness, mood, cognitive function, vertical jump performance, and subsequent occupational performance. The primary hypothesis is that the beef-based RTEM condition will attenuate catabolic responses, immune stress, muscle damage, soreness, and perceptions of fatigue following the FGT while supporting the maintenance or recovery of cognitive and physical performance. The inclusion of plant-based protein condition will help determine whether recovery responses differ according to dietary protein source and protein quantity. The findings are intended to provide preliminary evidence regarding practical, food-based nutritional strategies that may support recovery and occupational readiness among firefighters following strenuous firefighting activity.
Interventions
OTHERBeef-Based Protein Ready-to-Eat Meals
Beef-Based Protein Ready-to-Eat Meals: Participants will consume study-provided ready-to-eat meals (RTEM) in which lean beef serves as the primary protein source. Meals are designed to provide approximately 700 - 800 kcal, 80 g carbohydrate, 50 g protein, and 30 g fat per meal, with total daily protein intake targeted at approximately 1.4-2.0 g/kg/day. Beef-based meals will be provided during the approximately 3-day experimental period surrounding the simulated fire ground test and subsequent recovery assessments. Meals are designed to match the energy and macronutrient content of the plant-based protein condition.
Plant-Based Protein Ready-to-Eat Meals: Participants will consume study-provided ready-to-eat meals (RTEM) in which plant-based foods serve as the primary protein source. Plant protein sources may include soy, tempeh, tofu, and other soy-based foods. Meals are designed to provide approximately 700 - 800 kcal, 80 g carbohydrate, 50 g protein, and 30 g fat per meal, with total daily protein intake targeted at approximately 1.4-2.0 g/kg/day. Plant-based meals will be provided during the approximately 3-day experimental period surrounding the simulated fire ground test and subsequent recovery assessments and will be matched as closely as feasible to the pork-based condition for energy and macronutrient content.
Sponsors
Sam Houston State University
National Cattlemen's Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18 to 60 years of age * Current trained male or female firefighter with the Fort Worth Fire Department * Able to comply with all study procedures and the study timeline * Willing to consume only the study-provided ready-to-eat meals (RTEM) during designated study periods * Willing to refrain from alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and over-the-counter pain medications for 48 hours before testing sessions * Available to complete the study visits and required testing procedures
Exclusion criteria
* Younger than 18 years or older than 60 years * Not a current firefighter with the Fort Worth Fire Department * Pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant during the study * Orthopedic or musculoskeletal limitations that prevent safe completion of the vertical jump or simulated fire ground test * Use of weight-loss dietary supplements or medications within the previous 2 weeks * Unwilling to refrain from alcohol, NSAIDs, aspirin, or over-the-counter pain medications for 48 hours before testing sessions * Unwilling or unable to consume only the study-provided RTEM during designated study periods * Heavy smoking, defined as more than 1 pack of cigarettes per day during the previous 3 months * Allergy to any of the protein sources or study foods
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Testosterone and Cortisol | Baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours following the simulated fire ground test | Serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations will be measured to characterize anabolic and catabolic hormonal responses following the simulated fire ground test. Changes in testosterone, cortisol, and the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio will be compared across dietary conditions. |
| Change in Serum Creatine Kinase | Baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours following the simulated fire ground test | Serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration will be measured as a marker of muscle damage and recovery following the simulated fire ground test. Changes in CK will be compared across the pork-based protein, plant-based protein, and carbohydrate-focused lower-protein dietary conditions. |
| Change in Perceived Muscle Soreness | Pre-fire ground test and 24, 48, and 72 hours of recovery | Participants will report perceived muscle soreness to characterize subjective recovery following the simulated fire ground test. Muscle soreness responses will be compared across dietary conditions. |
| Fire Ground Test Completion Time | During each simulated fire ground test on Day 1 (baseline) and Day 4 (72 hour mark) | Total time required to complete the simulated fire ground test (FGT) will be recorded as a measure of occupational firefighting performance. The FGT consists of standardized firefighting-related tasks performed while wearing personal protective equipment and a self-contained breathing apparatus. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Complete Blood Count With Differential | Baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours following the simulated fire ground test | A complete blood count (CBC) with differential will be assessed to characterize hematological responses and monitor clinical safety across the experimental conditions. Measures will include standard hematological indices and leukocyte differential components reported by the clinical laboratory. |
| Change in Comprehensive Metabolic Panel | Baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours following the simulated fire ground test | A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) will be assessed to characterize metabolic responses and monitor clinical safety across the experimental conditions. Standard CMP components, including markers related to renal and hepatic function, electrolytes, glucose, and protein status, will be evaluated as reported by the clinical laboratory. |
| Food Satisfaction | At Baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours | Participants will report satisfaction with the study-provided ready-to-eat meals to characterize acceptability of each dietary condition. |
| Heart Rate During the Fire Ground Test | During each simulated fire ground test on Day 1 (baseline) and Day 4 (72 hour mark) | Heart rate will be monitored during the simulated fire ground test to characterize cardiovascular demand during occupational firefighting activity. |
| Change in Vertical Jump Performance | Pre-fire ground test on Day 1 and Day 4 | Vertical jump performance will be assessed as an indicator of lower-body neuromuscular performance and recovery following the simulated fire ground test. Performance will be compared across dietary conditions. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTDrew E Gonzalez, PhD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORDrew E Gonzalez, PhD
Sam Houston State University
Outcome results
None listed