Breast Cancer Survivors
Conditions
Keywords
breast cancer survivors, muscle oxygenation, Upper extremity function, upper limb in breast cancer survivors, near-infrared spectroscopy, functional performance
Brief summary
Persistent impairments in upper extremity function are well documented among breast cancer survivors even after completion of cancer treatment. These impairments are frequently attributed to fatigue and other treatment-related complications. Upper extremity function in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery may be affected by multiple factors, including surgical tissue trauma, axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy, radiation-induced fibrosis, pain, restricted shoulder range of motion, loss of muscle strength, and lymphedema. Muscle oxygenation may also be impaired through various mechanisms following breast cancer surgery and is considered one of the important microvascular mechanisms potentially underlying upper extremity functional impairments. However, muscle oxygenation has not been sufficiently investigated in this population. Existing studies have predominantly focused on lower extremity muscles, whereas changes in upper extremity muscle oxygenation have yet to be adequately investigated. This gap in the literature may limit the development and targeted implementation of appropriate exercise interventions and the identification of optimal exercise modalities aimed at improving upper extremity function in daily life, enhancing independence, facilitating participation in social and occupational activities, and ultimately improving quality of life among breast cancer survivors. In this project, the investigators aim to investigate the relationship between tissue-level muscle oxygenation parameters and clinical measures of upper extremity function, including muscle strength, upper extremity functional capacity, and the score on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire-Quick Version (QuickDASH). By examining these associations, the investigators intend to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying functional impairments in breast cancer survivors and to provide a basis for the development of more effective and targeted rehabilitation protocols, including interventions designed to enhance microcirculation and aerobic exercise capacity. Breast cancer survivors followed at the Breast Clinic of the Department of General Surgery at Pamukkale University and healthy individuals will be included in two study groups. Upper extremity muscle oxygenation and functional performance will be assessed using a hand-held dynamometer, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the six-minute pegboard and ring test, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire-Quick Version (QuickDASH). By comparing upper extremity muscle oxygenation and functional performance between breast cancer survivors and healthy individuals, the findings of this project are expected to provide a better understanding of the muscle characteristics underlying upper extremity functional impairments in breast cancer survivors. These findings may contribute to the development and refinement of exercise interventions within rehabilitation programs and highlight the importance of selecting appropriate exercise modalities to improve upper extremity function in this population.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Pamukkale University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Individuals diagnosed with stage 1, 2, or 3 unilateral breast cancer * who completed breast cancer treatment at least 6 months ago * whose clinical condition is stable
Exclusion criteria
* having an upper extremity disability or musculoskeletal disorder that could affect physical performance * having undergone bilateral breast surgery * development of recurrence or metastasis * uncontrolled chronic cardiopulmonary diseases (hypertension, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, COPD, asthma, etc.), uncontrolled chronic conditions such as diabetes or neuromotor disorders, anemia, smoking, or cognitive impairment * having participated in a regular exercise program within the last 6 months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle oxygenation will be assessed a noninvasive technique, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS can measure local muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) in the capillary bed of the underlying muscle tissue. | october 2026 to august 2027 | The NIRS sensor will be secured using a fiber-elastic band over the midline of the lateral deltoid muscle, immediately inferior to the acromion. Physiological variables, including the minimum, maximum, and change values of muscle oxygen saturation, will be recorded at rest and during and after the Six-Minute Pegboard and Ring Test. Muscle oxygenation will be expressed as the percentage of oxyhemoglobin relative to the sum of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. Bilateral musce oxygenation of the middle portion of the deltoid muscle will be assessed before, during, and after the test. During exercise, an inability to adequately meet the increased oxygen demand of the working muscle may result in reduced SmO₂ levels. SmO₂ is influenced by shifts in the hemoglobin dissociation curve as well as by other chemical and neural factors. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| upper extremity muscle strength | october 2026 to august 2027 | The strength of the middle and anterior portions of the deltoid muscle will be assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. The test will be performed with the participant in an unsupported sitting position, with the shoulder positioned at 90° of abduction and 90° of flexion, in neutral rotation, and with the elbow fully extended. Resistance will be applied using the dynamometer over the distal humerus, and the participant will be instructed to attempt to elevate the arm with maximal force. Three measurements will be obtained, and the highest value will be recorded in Newtons (N). |
Contacts
CONTACTAtiye KAŞ ÖZDEMİR, Lecturer PhD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORAtiye KAŞ ÖZDEMİR, Lecturer, PhD.
Pamukkale University
STUDY_CHAIRSevda YILMAZ, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Pamukkale University
STUDY_CHAIROrçin TELLİ ATALAY, Prof. Dr.
Pamukkale University
Outcome results
None listed