Children Behavior, Pediatric Anesthesia, Pediatric Surgery, Perioperative Anxiety, Perioperative Care
Conditions
Keywords
Can a book reduce preoperative anxiety in children?, book based emotion an anxiety relief
Brief summary
Many children are afraid of surgery and anesthesia. Studies show that up to 60% of children experience significant anxiety before a scheduled procedure. This fear is caused, for example, by the unfamiliar hospital environment, separation from parents, worry about pain, or because they do not know exactly what will happen. Severe anxiety before surgery can complicate the procedure and is linked to higher stress, increased post-operative pain perception, and behavioral changes. This study investigates whether a specially developed, age-appropriate children's book can help reduce anxiety before surgery. The book explains the anesthesia and surgical procedure in a child-friendly way using pictures and simple text. Children aged 4 to 10 who are undergoing surgery at the Inselspital Bern for an inguinal, umbilical, or ventral hernia can participate. A total of 50 children are to be included. The children will be randomly divided into two groups: One group receives the children's book to prepare at home. The other group receives the usual preparation without the book. The children's anxiety is measured using an established observation scale - once during the preliminary examination and again on the day of surgery before anesthesia. In addition, several contributing factors are recorded, such as how well the child cooperates during the induction of anesthesia or how much anesthetic medication is required. Parents will complete a short questionnaire regarding their own anxiety. Participation involves minimal risk. Only a children's book is provided, and the children's behavior is observed. No additional medical interventions are planned. The aim of the study is to test whether a simple, cost-effective, and easily implementable tool - a children's book - can effectively reduce anxiety before surgery. If the book proves to be helpful, it could be routinely used to prepare children for surgery in the future.
Detailed description
Background and Rationale: Many children experience significant anxiety before scheduled surgical procedures. Literature indicates that up to 60% of pediatric patients exhibit substantial preoperative anxiety. This fear is primarily driven by an unfamiliar hospital environment, separation from parents, anticipation of pain, and a lack of understanding regarding the upcoming procedures. High levels of preoperative anxiety can complicate the clinical workflow, increase patient stress, elevate post-operative pain perception, and lead to negative postoperative behavioral changes. This study investigates whether a specially designed, age-appropriate children's book can effectively reduce preoperative anxiety. The educational book utilizes pictures and simplified language to explain the processes of anesthesia and surgery in a child-friendly manner. Study Design and Objectives: This is a randomized controlled trial aiming to evaluate the efficacy of an educational children's book as a low-threshold intervention to mitigate preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients. The primary objective is to assess whether introducing this book during home preparation significantly decreases anxiety scores compared to standard care. Participant Enrollment and Randomization: The study aims to enroll a total of 50 pediatric patients. Eligible participants are children aged 4 to 10 years scheduled for elective surgery (inguinal, umbilical, or ventral hernia repair) at the Inselspital Bern. Upon enrollment, participants will be randomly allocated into one of two parallel groups: Intervention Group: Participants receive the specialized children's book for preoperative preparation at home. Control Group: Participants receive standard preoperative preparation without the educational book. Data Collection and Outcomes: Children's anxiety levels will be measured using an established, validated observational scale. Assessments will take place at two time points: during the initial preliminary outpatient examination (baseline) and on the day of surgery prior to the induction of anesthesia. Secondary outcomes and confounding variables will also be recorded, including: The child's level of cooperation during the induction of anesthesia. The total dosage of anesthetic medication required. Parental anxiety levels, measured via a brief self-reported questionnaire. Risk Assessment: Participation in this study carries minimal risk. The intervention consists solely of providing an educational book and observing standard clinical and behavioral outcomes. No additional medical interventions, invasive procedures, or alterations to the standard surgical protocol are involved. Significance: If the intervention proves successful, this educational tool could be implemented into routine clinical practice to improve preoperative preparation and emotional well-being for pediatric surgical patients
Interventions
OTHERReading a childrens book to prepare for the surgery
A book that has been especially designed for this study, a children's story, that could prepare children before undergoing surgery will be handed out to the children and their caregivers. They should read it before surgery.
OTHERStandard Care (in control arm)
Children do not receive this book
Sponsors
Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
4 Years to 10 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Children aged 4 to 10 years at the time of surgery * Scheduled for elective surgical intervention (inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, epigastric or supraumbilical hernia) * Understanding of the German language * Written informed consent obtained from at least one parent or legal guardian
Exclusion criteria
* Emergency surgical procedures * History of previous surgery * Less than 7 days between randomization and surgical procedure * Known developmental delay, cognitive impairment, or psychiatric disorder that may interfere with anxiety assessment
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale | perioperative | Preoperative anxiety level on the day of surgery, measured using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS), assessed prior to induction of anesthesia before administration of any sedative premedication. The mYPAS Scale ranges from 23,33 (minimum) to 100 (maximum), with higher scores indicating greater preoperative anxiety. The scale comprises 22 items across 5 behavioral categories (activity, vocalization, emotional expressivity, state of apparent arousal, use of parents). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale | Baseline | Baseline preoperative anxiety level measured using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety (mYPAS) scale prior to any study-related intervention. The mYPAS Scale ranges from 23,33 (minimum) to 100 (maximum), with higher scores indicating greater preoperative anxiety. The scale comprises 22 items across 5 behavioral categories (activity, vocalization, emotional expressivity, state of apparent arousal, use of parents). |
| Anesthetic medication | perioperative | Amount of anesthetic medication used for induction of anesthesia, recorded from the anesthesia record. The amount of anesthetic medication used for induction will be analyzed descriptively and exploratorily; no causal inference is planned. |
| Demographics | Baseline | Exploratory associations between preoperative anxiety and Age, Sex, Type of surgical procedure. |
| Postoperative delirium | perioperative | Incidence of Postoperative delirium will be assessed in the post-anesthesia care unit using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale by trained clinical staff and analyzed exploratorily. The PAED scale ranges from 0 (minimum) to 20 (maximum). Higher total scores indicate more severe emergence delirium. |
| Parental anxiety | Baseline | Parental anxiety assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) prior to intervention. The GAD-7 is a validated questionnaire widely used to quantify anxiety symptoms in adults. The GAD-7 ranges from 0 (minimum) to 21 (maximum). The higher the score, the more anxiety. |
| Child compliance during induction (Induction Compliance Checklist) | perioperative | Child compliance during anesthesia induction, assessed using the Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC), a behavioral compliance scale during induction of anesthesia. This observational measure captures negative or non-compliant behaviors during anesthesia induction and provides complementary information on perioperative distress and cooperation. The Induction Compliance Checklist ranges from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). Higher scores indicate poorer compliance during induction. Lower scores indicate better cooperation. |
| Parental educational level and age | Baseline | Age of the parents and parental educational level, categorized according to the Swiss education system (primary, secondary I, secondary II, tertiary) |
| Acceptability of the book intervention using a questionnaire | postoperative | Acceptability of the intervention assessed descriptively using parental feedback by using a questionnaire. |
Countries
Switzerland
Contacts
CONTACTViktoria A Pfeifle, Dr.med.
CONTACTAlexander Fuchs, PD Dr. med.
STUDY_CHAIRThomas Riva, Prof. Dr. med.
Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern
Outcome results
None listed