Glaucoma, Open-angle, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
Conditions
Keywords
nicotinamide, NAD+, neuroprotection, retinal ganglion cells, GCIPL, optical coherence tomography, OCT-A, glaucoma progression, macular imaging, vitamin B3
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a high-dose vitamin B3 supplement called nicotinamide can protect retinal nerve cells in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who are already receiving standard glaucoma eye drops or laser treatment. The main question it aims to answer is: Does adding nicotinamide to standard glaucoma therapy slow the rate of thinning of the inner retinal nerve cell layer (measured by a non-invasive eye scan) compared to standard therapy alone over 12 months? Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. Participants in the treatment group will take nicotinamide tablets by mouth, starting at a lower dose (1.5 grams per day) for the first 6 weeks and increasing to the full dose (3.0 grams per day) for the remainder of the 12-month study. Participants in the control group will continue their standard glaucoma care without the supplement. Researchers will compare retinal imaging measurements between the two groups to see whether nicotinamide reduces the rate of retinal nerve cell thinning over time.
Detailed description
Glaucoma causes progressive and irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), often continuing despite adequate intraocular pressure control. Mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) are increasingly recognized as central contributors to RGC vulnerability. Nicotinamide (NAM), a commercially available form of vitamin B3 and potent NAD+ precursor, has demonstrated robust neuroprotection in preclinical glaucoma models and early clinical trials outside the United States. NADIR is the first IND-regulated, prospective, randomized Phase 2a trial in the United States to evaluate high-dose oral nicotinamide as adjunctive neuroprotective therapy in adults with mild to moderate POAG, using macular ganglion cell layer imaging (SD-OCT) as the primary structural biomarker detectable within 12 months. Ocular vascular perfusion imaging (OCT-A) is included as an exploratory endpoint.
Interventions
DRUGNicotinamide
Immediate-release nicotinamide 500 mg tablets (NDC 0-80681-01900; Rugby Laboratories / Contract Pharmacal Corp, Hauppauge NY). Titration phase: 500 mg three times daily (1.5 g/day total) for 6 weeks. Maintenance phase: 1,500 mg twice daily (three 500 mg tablets per administration, twice daily; 3.0 g/day total) from Week 7 through Month 12. Administered orally with meals. Dispensed and tracked by the University of Chicago Institutional Drug Service (IDS) Pharmacy under IND 184022.
OTHERStandard Glaucoma Therapy
Individualized intraocular pressure-lowering therapy per the 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Preferred Practice Pattern. Includes topical prostaglandin analog eye drops and/or selective laser trabeculoplasty, with clinical monitoring by optical coherence tomography, standard automated perimetry, and intraocular pressure measurement at 3 to 6 month intervals based on disease status.
Sponsors
University of Chicago
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Masking description
This is an open-label trial. Participants and investigators are unmasked to treatment assignment. Outcome assessors (central SD-OCT and visual field readers) are masked to treatment assignment via de-identified participant IDs.
Intervention model description
Participants are randomized 1:1 to two parallel arms using computer-generated permuted block randomization stratified by glaucoma severity (mild: VF MD -2 to -6 dB vs. moderate: VF MD -6 to -12 dB) and race/ethnicity. Arm 1 receives high-dose oral nicotinamide plus standard glaucoma care; Arm 2 receives standard glaucoma care alone. All structural and functional outcome assessments are adjudicated by masked central readers using de-identified participant IDs. There is no crossover between arms.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age 40 to 80 years, inclusive * Diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in at least one eye, confirmed by a licensed ophthalmologist or optometrist based on characteristic optic nerve head changes and/or visual field defects with an open anterior chamber angle * Mild to moderate glaucoma severity in the study eye: Humphrey Visual Field 24-2 mean deviation (MD) between -2.0 and -12.0 dB on at least one reliable test (fixation losses 33% or less, false positive rate 15% or less) * Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better (Snellen equivalent) in the study eye * Confirmed glaucomatous structural damage on SD-OCT (average GCIPL and/or RNFL below age-adjusted normative mean on device-generated classification) and/or a reproducible visual field defect on Humphrey Visual Field 24-2 consistent with glaucoma, as confirmed by the enrolling glaucoma specialist at screening * Macular GCIPL and peripapillary RNFL above device-specific SD-OCT floor effect in the study eye * Currently receiving stable intraocular pressure-lowering therapy (topical medications and/or prior selective laser trabeculoplasty) for at least 4 months prior to enrollment, with no planned changes to glaucoma therapy at the time of enrollment * Intraocular pressure of 21 mmHg or less on current therapy at the screening visit in the study eye * Established patient receiving ongoing glaucoma care at University of Chicago Medicine Duchossois Center for Advanced Medicine Eye Clinic * Willing and able to provide written informed consent and comply with all study visit schedules and procedures * Study eye selection: when POAG is present bilaterally, the study eye is defined as the eye with more severe disease (worse VF MD) that meets all eligibility criteria; if both eyes are equivalent in severity, the right eye is designated by default
Exclusion criteria
* Advanced glaucoma: visual field MD worse than -12.0 dB in the study eye * Significant retinal disease affecting macular structure or visual field, including advanced age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy greater than mild non-proliferative, clinically significant diabetic macular edema, major retinal vein occlusion, or non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy * Ocular surgery other than uncomplicated cataract extraction or selective laser trabeculoplasty within the past 6 months * Hepatic dysfunction at baseline: AST or ALT greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal, or total bilirubin greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal * Renal dysfunction: eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 * Current use of, or unwillingness to abstain from: nicotinamide, niacinamide, nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), or any other NAD+-precursor supplement not dispensed by the study; high-dose niacin or vitamin B3; Ginkgo biloba; CoQ10; isoniazid; pyrazinamide; carbamazepine; phenobarbital; primidone; or sustained-release niacin or nicotinamide formulations * Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: HbA1c greater than 9.0% at screening * Normal tension glaucoma with documented intraocular pressure consistently 21 mmHg or less without hypotensive therapy * Participation in another investigational drug trial within 30 days of screening * Pregnancy, lactation, or intent to become pregnant during the study period * Significant cognitive impairment or inability to comply with study requirements * Clinically significant media opacity (corneal, lenticular, or vitreal) sufficient to degrade OCT signal quality below device-minimum thresholds, even if BCVA of 20/40 or better is preserved * Active or recent uveitis or intraocular inflammation in the study eye within the past 3 months * Any condition that, in the investigator's judgment, would preclude safe participation or confound result interpretation
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Annualized Rate of Macular Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer (GCIPL) Thinning | Baseline (Month 0), Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12 (four repeated assessments over 12 months) | Rate of change in macular GCIPL thickness (micrometers per year) measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT; Heidelberg Spectralis, minimum Q-score 20) with masked central image reading using de-identified participant IDs. The annualized thinning rate is estimated from repeated measurements using a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts per participant and an arm-by-time interaction term as the primary inferential parameter. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Annualized Rate of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) Thinning | Baseline (Month 0), Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12 (four repeated assessments over 12 months) | Rate of change in average peripapillary RNFL thickness (micrometers per year) measured by SD-OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis) with masked central reading. Analyzed using the same linear mixed-effects model framework as the primary endpoint. Both average and quadrant-specific RNFL (superior, inferior, temporal, nasal) will be reported. |
| Visual Field Mean Deviation Slope | Baseline through Month 12, assessed at Baseline (Month 0), Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12 | Rate of change in Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer 24-2 SITA Standard mean deviation (decibels per year), estimated as a continuous slope over 12 months using a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts per participant. Assessed at four timepoints: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12. |
| Incidence of Grade 2 or Higher Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Adverse Events | From randomization through 30 days after the Month 12 visit (approximately 13 months) | Proportion of participants experiencing at least one hepatic adverse event (alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase elevation, total bilirubin elevation) or gastrointestinal adverse event graded at Grade 2 or higher per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE v6.0). Hepatic laboratory values assessed by comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) at every study visit and at the Month 1 remote safety contact for all participants in both arms. |
| Nicotinamide Adherence Rate | Maintenance phase: Week 7 (Month 1 remote contact) through Month 12 | Proportion of prescribed nicotinamide doses taken during the maintenance phase (Weeks 7 through 52), assessed by pill count and participant medication diary review at each in-person study visit. Applies to Arm 1 participants only. |
| Study Retention Rate | Month 12 (52 weeks post-randomization) | Proportion of randomized participants completing the Month 12 study visit with at least one valid post-baseline macular GCIPL measurement. Assessed in both arms. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTSteven C Quan, OD
CONTACTElza Rachid, MD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORSteven C Quan, OD
University of Chicago
Outcome results
None listed