Diaphragm Thickness, Dyspnoea
Conditions
Keywords
Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, Diaphragm thickness, Respiratory muscle, Dyspnea
Brief summary
This study aims to compare the effects of abdominal air pressure resistance training, abdominal weight training, and breathing exercises on diaphragmatic strength, endurance, and physiological responses in young healthy adults. Forty-two healthy adults aged 18-35 years will be randomly allocated to one of three groups: abdominal air pressure resistance training, abdominal weight training, or breathing exercises. Participants will complete supervised training sessions three times per week for eight weeks, with standardized breathing cadence, training volume, and therapist contact time across groups. This trial will provide the first direct comparison of a programmable pneumatic abdominal loading method with traditional abdominal weight loading and standard breathing exercises in healthy young adults. The findings will help determine the relative effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of these interventions for enhancing diaphragmatic function. The results may contribute to the development of evidence-based respiratory muscle training strategies for rehabilitation, health promotion, and performance enhancement.
Interventions
OTHERAbdominal Air Pressure Resistance Training
In the AAPR group, resisted diaphragmatic breathing will be performed using a pneumatic abdominal garment or cuff capable of delivering quantifiable air pressure. Training will be initiated at a pressure level that elicited a moderate perceived breathing effort, corresponding to a Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) of approximately 4-5, or within a predefined pressure range (e.g., 5-10 cmH₂O), depending on device capability. Progressive overload will be applied through weekly increases of 1-2 cmH₂O, provided predefined symptom tolerance criteria were satisfied. Each session consisted of 4-6 sets of resisted diaphragmatic breathing, with each set lasting 2-3 minutes and separated by rest periods of 1-2 minutes. During each session, the applied pressure, perceived exertion, and symptom responses will be recorded.
In the AWT group, diaphragmatic breathing will be performed with an external load applied to the anterior abdominal wall using a standardized sandbag or weight pack, with participants positioned in supine crook-lying. Load prescription will be implemented using a pre-specified method, which included either a fixed initial load of 2-5 kg with weekly increments of 0.5-1 kg as tolerated, an initial load corresponding to 3-5% of body mass with weekly progression, or load titration based on perceived exertion targeting a Borg RPE of 4-5 during training sets. Training volume, set duration, and rest intervals will be matched to those of the AAPR group. For each session, the load applied, perceived exertion, and symptom responses will be documented.
OTHERBreathing Exercise Control (BE)
In the BE control group, standardized diaphragmatic breathing combined with paced slow deep breathing will be performed without the application of external resistance. Training duration, breathing cadence, number of sets, and rest intervals will be matched to those used in the loaded intervention groups. Perceived exertion and symptom responses will be documented during each session.
Sponsors
University of Sharjah
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* males and females with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m² * non-smokers * have not participated in structured respiratory muscle training within the previous six months * able to understand the study procedures * provide written informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* have a known cardiopulmonary, neuromuscular, or significant metabolic disease * experience a respiratory infection or respiratory symptoms within the preceding 2-3 weeks * pregnant * have undergone major abdominal or thoracic surgery within the previous six months * have uncontrolled hypertension, significant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or any other condition that could make abdominal loading unsafe, as determined during the screening process.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Diaphragm thickening fraction | pre and post intervention, 8 weeks | Diaphragm thickness will be assessed using a portable ultrasound device (VERSANA PREMIER) operating in B-mode with a 10-MHz linear transducer. Standardized imaging settings, including gain, depth, and focus, were maintained throughout all examinations. Ultrasound measurements were conducted by a trained assessor who was blinded to participants' group assignments. With participants positioned supine, the transducer was placed over the right hemidiaphragm at the zone of apposition, located between the anterior and mid-axillary lines at the eighth to ninth intercostal space. Care was taken to apply minimal pressure with the probe to prevent compression of underlying tissues. Diaphragm thickness measurements were obtained at end-expiration, corresponding to residual volume (RV), and at end-inspiration, corresponding to total lung capacity (TLC). Each measurement was repeated three times with a minimum rest period of 30 seconds between trials, and the mean value was used for analysis. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale | pre and post intervention, 8 weeks | To evaluate the acute physiological response to the intervention perceived exertion will be monitored during a standardized 2-3-minute breathing task. The scale uses a numerical rating system from 0 to 10 to measure perceived exertion, where '0' is nothing at all and '10' is highest possible exertion/breathlessness. Rating of 8 or more is classified as severe exertion, and exercise in this case would then be stopped. |
Outcome results
None listed