Primary Dysmenorrhea
Conditions
Keywords
primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain ·, traditional Chinese medicine, herbal sachet, aromatherapy, inhalation, college students
Brief summary
Primary dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual periods without an underlying disease) is very common in female college students and can affect sleep, mood, study and daily life. This study tested whether sleeping next to a traditional Chinese herbal sachet - a small cloth bag containing a standardized blend of 13 aromatic herbal materials chosen by an expert consensus (Delphi) process - reduces menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms, and improves anxiety and depression, compared with an identical-looking placebo sachet. Eighty-two female students at Sichuan Nursing Vocational College with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly assigned to the herbal sachet or the placebo sachet. Participants placed the sachet within about 30 cm of the head every night during sleep for 9 weeks, with a fresh sachet every 3 weeks; both groups received the same health education. Pain (visual analogue scale), menstrual symptoms (Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale), anxiety (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) and depression (Self-Rating Depression Scale) were measured before and within one week after the 9-week intervention. Participants did not know which sachet they received.
Detailed description
Design: single-centre, randomized, single-blind (participant), placebo-controlled, two-arm parallel-group trial. Randomization: participants were numbered in order of recruitment and allocated 1:1 using a computer-generated random number table (SPSS). Intervention: herbal sachet containing Angelica dahurica root 5 g, Syzygium aromaticum flower bud 5 g, Artemisia argyi leaf 5 g, Foeniculum vulgare fruit 5 g, Kaempferia galanga rhizome 5 g, Cinnamomum cassia bark 10 g, Angelica sinensis root 10 g, Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome 10 g, Cyperus rotundus rhizome 10 g, Aucklandia lappa root 10 g, Rosa rugosa flower bud 15 g, Osmanthus fragrans flower 15 g and Liquidambar orientalis resin 0.1 g, ground to powder and sealed in a non-woven bag inside a mesh pouch. The formula was developed through a three-round Delphi expert consensus process. Placebo: sachet of identical appearance and weight containing whole-wheat flour, lily, chrysanthemum and orange-peel powder. Procedure: both sachets were hung at the head of the bed within 30 cm of the nose from about 23:00 to 07:00 nightly for 9 weeks and replaced every 3 weeks; adherence was supported by a daily calendar record and nightly WeChat reminders. Both groups received the same health education on primary dysmenorrhea. Sample size: based on a previously reported VAS effect (effect size 0.88, alpha 0.025 two-sided, power 0.90), 68 participants were required, increased by 20% for attrition to 82. Analysis: within- and between-group comparisons using t-tests or Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon tests as appropriate. Safety: participants inhaled the sachet for 5 minutes and were observed for 10 minutes when it was first issued; adverse reactions were monitored throughout.
Interventions
OTHERTraditional Chinese herbal sachet (aromatic inhalation)
Approximately 95-105 g powdered blend of Angelica dahurica (Bai Zhi), Syzygium aromaticum (Ding Xiang), Artemisia argyi (Ai Ye), Foeniculum vulgare (Xiao Hui Xiang), Kaempferia galanga (Shan Nai), Cinnamomum cassia (Rou Gui), Angelica sinensis (Dang Gui), Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuan Xiong), Cyperus rotundus (Xiang Fu), Aucklandia lappa (Mu Xiang), Rosa rugosa (Mei Gui Hua), Osmanthus fragrans (Gui Hua) and Liquidambar orientalis (Su He Xiang) in a sealed non-woven bag inside a mesh pouch, hung at the bedside within 30 cm of the nose from about 23:00 to 07:00 every night for 9 weeks; replaced every 3 weeks.
OTHERPlacebo sachets
Sachet of the same size, colour and weight containing whole-wheat flour, lily powder, chrysanthemum powder and orange-peel powder, used identically to the herbal sachet.
Sponsors
Macao Polytechnic University
Sichuan Nursing Vocational College
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
Herbal and placebo sachets were matched for appearance, size and weight and prepared by the same supplier; participants were not told which sachet they received.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 25 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Female student enrolled at Sichuan Nursing Vocational College * Aged 18-25 years, unmarried and nulliparous * Meets Western and traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic criteria for primary dysmenorrhea * History of primary dysmenorrhea for more than 6 months, with pain in 3 consecutive menstrual cycles * Menstrual symptom score greater than 8, moderate or severe dysmenorrhea (VAS at least 3) * Regular menstrual cycle * No sedative, analgesic or hormonal medication in the week before enrolment, and willing not to take interfering medication during the study * Voluntary participation with signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Gynaecological disease (secondary dysmenorrhea) or irregular menstrual cycle * Planning pregnancy * Other serious physical or psychiatric illness (e.g., autoimmune disease, cancer, heart disease), or conditions requiring surgery * Currently participating in another clinical trial * Unable to complete the study period
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline in menstrual pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | Pain rated on a 0-10 cm visual analogue scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable pain); higher scores mean worse pain. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline in Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) total score | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | 17 menstrual symptoms each rated for severity and duration on 0-4 scales; total score range 0-136, higher scores indicate greater symptom burden. |
| Change from baseline in Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) severity subscore | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | Sum of severity ratings for 17 symptoms; range 0-68, higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. |
| Change from baseline in Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) duration subscore | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | Sum of duration ratings for 17 symptoms; range 0-68, higher scores indicate longer-lasting symptoms. |
| Change from baseline in Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) standard score | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | 20-item self-report scale; standard score range 25-100, with 50 or above indicating anxiety; higher scores mean more anxiety. |
| Change from baseline in Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) standard score | Baseline and within 1 week after the end of the 9-week intervention | 20-item self-report scale; standard score range 25-100, with 50 or above indicating depression; higher scores mean more depressive symptoms. |
Countries
China
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORCindy Sin U LEONG, DHSc, RN
Macao Polytechnic University
Outcome results
None listed