Labor Pain and Anxiety
Conditions
Keywords
Visual focusing; warm colors; cool colors; labor pain; midwifery; childbirth
Brief summary
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of focusing on warm- and cool-color visuals during labor on labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration. Nulliparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to warm- or cool-color visual focusing groups. Visual focusing was initiated during the early stage of labor and continued throughout labor. Labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration were assessed at predefined stages of cervical dilatation.
Interventions
OTHERWarm-color visual
A visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.
OTHERCool-color visual
A visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.
Sponsors
Balikesir University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Nulliparous pregnant women Singleton pregnancy Term pregnancy (37-42 weeks of gestation) Cephalic fetal presentation Spontaneous onset of labor Cervical dilatation of 1 cm at enrollment Ability to communicate in Turkish Voluntary participation in the study -
Exclusion criteria
High-risk pregnancy or obstetric complications Presence of a condition requiring emergency obstetric intervention Use of pharmacological analgesia during labor Visual impairment that could interfere with focusing on the visual Development of maternal or fetal complications requiring discontinuation of the intervention \-
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| labor pain | At 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor. | Labor pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| State Anxiety | At 6-7 cm cervical dilatation during labor. | State anxiety was assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I) at 6-7 cm cervical dilatation. The scale consists of 20 items, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80. Higher scores indicate higher levels of state anxiety. |
| Childbirth Comfort | At 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor. | Childbirth comfort was assessed using the Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ) at 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. Higher scores indicate higher levels of childbirth comfort. |
| Labor Duration | From 4 cm to 10 cm cervical dilatation during labor. | Labor duration was determined by recording the time elapsed from 4 cm cervical dilatation to full cervical dilatation (10 cm). |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed