Anxiety, Surgical Fear Scale, Virtual Reality
Conditions
Keywords
Bariatric Surgery, Obesity, Preoperative Anxiety, Surgical Fear, Virtual Reality, Perioperative Nursing
Brief summary
To determine whether a single 20-minute immersive VR nature session delivered in the immediate preoperative period reduces surgical fear and state anxiety in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery.
Detailed description
Patients awaiting bariatric surgery face permanent anatomical change, lifelong behavioural adaptation and uncertainty about weight-loss maintenance, and consequently report high levels of surgical fear and state anxiety. Immersive virtual reality (VR) is a low-cost, nurse-deliverable, non-pharmacological option, but its effect on surgical fear specifically, and in bariatric candidates in particular, is largely untested. To determine whether a single 20-minute immersive VR nature session delivered in the immediate preoperative period reduces surgical fear and state anxiety in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery. A single-centre, two-arm, parallel-group randomised controlled trial was conducted in a general surgery clinic between March 2025 and June 2026 and is reported in accordance with the CONSORT 2025 statement. One hundred and twenty adults scheduled for bariatric surgery were randomly allocated 1:1 to a VR arm or to routine care. Two hours before transfer to theatre, the VR arm viewed 360° nature footage through a head-mounted display for 20 minutes; the control arm received the standard clinical protocol. Surgical fear (Surgical Fear Questionnaire, SFQ) and state anxiety (State Anxiety Inventory, STAI-S) were measured before and after the intervention period in both arms. The pre-specified primary analysis was an analysis of covariance of post-test scores adjusted for baseline, supported by mixed analysis of variance, change-score analysis, multivariable linear regression, non-parametric and rank-based sensitivity analyses, and the Reliable Change Index.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALExperimental Group
Patients viewed 360° nature footage of forest, sea and landscape scenes, selected to be relaxing and to contain no threatening or surgery-related content and accessed through a publicly available video platform. The session lasted 20 minutes and was delivered by the researcher in the patient's own room, from which noise and interruptions were excluded. A duration of 20 minutes was chosen because relaxation-focused VR sessions of roughly 15 to 40 minutes are those most commonly reported to be effective and well tolerated, whereas longer exposures increase the risk of cybersickness . Post-test measures were administered 10 minutes after the session ended. Among the 60 patients who received the intervention, no adverse effects such as nausea, dizziness or disorientation were reported and no session was interrupted.
Sponsors
Firat University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
The integers 1 to 120 were randomly partitioned into two sets of 60, and a coin toss conducted before the first patient was enrolled determined that Set 1 would constitute the VR arm and Set 2 the control arm.
Intervention model description
parallel-group randomised controlled trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* 18 years or older * scheduled for elective bariatric surgery * able to communicate verbally * without visual or hearing impairment * without a diagnosed psychiatric disorder * not concurrently using any other non-pharmacological anxiety-reduction method
Exclusion criteria
* younger than 18 years * those with visual or hearing impairment * those using another non-pharmacological method during the study period were excluded
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) | 40 minutes | Developed by Theunissen et al. to quantify fear in patients awaiting elective surgery and adapted into Turkish by Bağdigen and Karaman Özlü . Eight items are rated on an 11-point numeric rating scale anchored at 0 (not afraid at all) and 10 (very afraid). Items 1-4 form the short-term fear subscale and items 5-8 the long-term fear subscale; each subscale ranges from 0 to 40 and the total from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater fear. Cronbach's α was 0.93 in the original validation study. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) | 40 minutes | Developed by Spielberger et al. and adapted into Turkish by Öner and Le Compte . Twenty items are rated from 1 to 4, of which 10 are reverse-worded. The total is obtained by subtracting the sum of the reverse-worded items from the sum of the directly worded items and adding a constant of 50, giving a range of 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. Cronbach's α was 0.83 in the adaptation study. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed