Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Conditions
Keywords
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Turkish coffee, green tea, diet therapy
Brief summary
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver condition associated with metabolic disorders and lifestyle factors. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Turkish coffee and green tea consumption in addition to a Mediterranean diet intervention on liver fat content, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements in individuals with fatty liver disease. Participants received a 12-week Mediterranean diet program and were assigned to groups consuming Turkish coffee, green tea, or no additional beverage intervention. Changes in liver ultrasonography findings, liver enzymes, metabolic parameters, and body measurements were evaluated before and after the intervention.
Detailed description
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently included under the broader term metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Lifestyle modification, particularly dietary interventions, is considered the cornerstone of NAFLD management. This randomized controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of Turkish coffee and green tea consumption combined with a Mediterranean diet intervention on liver steatosis, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements in individuals diagnosed with fatty liver disease. Participants were assigned to three groups: a Turkish coffee group, a green tea group, and a control group. All participants received a 12-week Mediterranean diet intervention. In addition to the dietary intervention, the Turkish coffee group consumed Turkish coffee twice daily, while the green tea group consumed green tea three times daily. The control group continued with the Mediterranean diet without additional beverage intervention. Before and after the 12-week intervention, participants were evaluated for liver steatosis using ultrasonography, liver function tests (including alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\], aspartate aminotransferase \[AST\], and gamma-glutamyl transferase \[GGT\]), metabolic parameters, and anthropometric measurements. The aim of this study is to determine whether Turkish coffee and green tea consumption as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet may have beneficial effects on liver fat accumulation and metabolic health parameters in individuals with fatty liver disease.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALgreen tea
Participants consumed green tea three times daily as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet intervention for 12 weeks.
BEHAVIORALTurkish Coffee
Participants consumed Turkish coffee twice daily as an adjunct to a Mediterranean diet intervention for 12 weeks.
BEHAVIORALmediterranean diet
participants received a Mediterranean diet intervention without additional Turkish coffee or green tea consumption for 12 weeks.
Sponsors
Okan University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
This is a 12-week, three-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled study. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: Turkish coffee group, green tea group, or control group. All participants received a Mediterranean diet intervention. In addition, the Turkish coffee group consumed Turkish coffee twice daily, and the green tea group consumed green tea three times daily. The control group received the Mediterranean diet intervention without additional beverage supplementation.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
19 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Participants aged 19-65 years with a diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). * Not using medications for diabetes, dyslipidemia, or rheumatoid arthritis. * Not using dietary supplements. * No dietary program followed within the previous month. * No severe psychiatric disorders. * Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, or rheumatoid arthritis. * Alcohol consumption. * Positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis C positivity, autoimmune hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, toxic hepatitis, or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ≥10 times the upper limit of normal. * Presence of liver malignancy or hepatic decompensation. * Use of systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate within the previous 6 months. * Pregnancy or lactation. * Regular use of dietary supplements. * Following a dietary program within the previous month. * Presence of severe psychiatric disorders. * High daily consumption of tea and coffee.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in liver steatozis grade by abdominal Ultrasonography | Baseline and 12 weeks | Liver steatosis was assessed by abdominal ultrasonography and graded as Grade 0 (no steatosis), Grade 1 (mild steatosis), Grade 2 (moderate steatosis), and Grade 3 (severe steatosis). Higher grades indicate greater severity of hepatic steatosis. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Level (U/L) | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/L) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks intervention to evaluate changes in liver function. |
| Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Level (U/L) | Baseline and Week 12 | Changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (U/L) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. |
| Change in Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Level (U/L) | Baseline and Week 12 | Changes in serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels (U/L) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORHande Öngün Yılmaz, PhD
BANDIRMA ONYEDI EYLUL UNIVERSITY, BANDIRMA VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
Outcome results
None listed