Periodontitis (Stage 3), Smoking ( Cigarette)
Conditions
Keywords
Periodontitis, Smoking, Saliva, TNF- alpha, FoxO-1, SIRT-1, Oxidative stress, Biomarkers, Inflammation
Brief summary
This study examines whether smoking and gum disease (periodontitis) are linked to changes in three biological markers found in saliva: TNF-α, FoxO-1, and SIRT-1. These markers are involved in inflammation and the body's response to stress. Eighty adults took part in the study, divided into four groups: healthy non-smokers, non-smokers with Stage III periodontitis (an advanced form of gum disease), healthy smokers, and smokers with Stage III periodontitis. Each participant had a dental examination and provided a saliva sample, which was analyzed in the laboratory to measure the levels of these three markers. The goal of the study is to better understand how smoking and gum disease together affect the body's inflammatory and stress-response pathways, which may help guide future approaches to prevention and treatment.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTSalivary Biomarker Analysis (ELISA)
Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected via passive drooling and analyzed for TNF-α, FoxO-1, and SIRT-1 concentrations using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (BT LAB, Korain Biotech, Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Concentrations were adjusted according to individual salivary flow rate.
Sponsors
Zehra Hasgül
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Aged 18 years or older * At least 16 permanent teeth, excluding third molars * Not receiving orthodontic treatment * No systemic condition known to affect periodontal health
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnant or breastfeeding * Diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, or another systemic disease that could influence periodontal tissues * Periodontal treatment within the previous six months * Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications within the previous six months * Any local or systemic condition that could affect salivary biomarker concentrations
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Salivary TNF-α Concentration | Measured at a single time point at study enrollment | Salivary TNF-α concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), expressed as ng/L, adjusted for individual salivary flow rate. |
| Salivary FoxO-1 Concentration | Measured at a single time point at study enrollment | Salivary FoxO-1 concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), expressed as ng/mL, adjusted for individual salivary flow rate. |
| Salivary SIRT-1 Concentration | Measured at a single time point at study enrollment | Salivary SIRT-1 concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), expressed as ng/mL, adjusted for individual salivary flow rate. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed