A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Different Anesthetic Sedatives on PONV in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Cholelithiasis, Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

postoperative nausea and vomiting, propofol, ciprofol, remimazolam, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, randomized controlled trial

This study is designed to compare three sedative medications used during general anesthesia for gallbladder removal surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) and their effects on nausea and vomiting after surgery. Background Nausea and vomiting after surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV) is a common problem, affecting up to 75% of patients undergoing gallbladder surgery. It can cause discomfort, delay recovery, and lead to other complications. Three medications are commonly used to start and maintain anesthesia: propofol, ciprofol, and remimazolam. This study aims to find out which one is associated with the least nausea and vomiting. Study Design This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial. A total of 114 adult patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Xi'an Aerospace Hospital will be randomly assigned to one of three groups (38 patients each): Propofol group Ciprofol group Remimazolam group All patients will receive the same anti-nausea prevention and pain control after surgery, regardless of their group. Primary Outcome (Main Measure) The percentage of patients who experience any nausea and/or vomiting within the first 24 hours after surgery. Secondary Outcomes (Other Measures) Percentage of patients who experience vomiting within 24 hours after surgery Percentage of patients who experience nausea within 24 hours after surgery Number of nausea, vomiting, and combined PONV episodes within 24 hours Pain level measured on a 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS) at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable) Highest pain score reported within the first 24 hours after surgery Significance The results will help doctors choose the best sedative medication to reduce nausea and vomiting after gallbladder surgery, especially for patients who are at higher risk, such as women.

Background and rationale Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications following general anesthesia, occurring in 20-30% of the general surgical population and up to 53-72% in high-risk patients. PONV causes significant patient discomfort, prolongs post-anesthesia care unit stay, and may lead to complications including fluid and electrolyte imbalance, wound dehiscence, and aspiration pneumonia. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is associated with a particularly high incidence of PONV (40-75%) due to the combined effects of pneumoperitoneum, carbon dioxide absorption, and vagal stimulation during visceral traction. Propofol is the most widely used intravenous anesthetic agent and is known to possess direct antiemetic properties through suppression of the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area postrema. However, propofol is associated with injection pain, hypotension, respiratory depression, and potential lipid metabolism disturbances. Two newer sedative agents have recently been approved for clinical use in China: ciprofol (HSK3486), a cyclopropyl structural analogue of propofol with approximately 5-fold greater affinity for GABAA receptors, offering reduced injection pain and improved hemodynamic stability; and remimazolam, an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine acting on GABAA receptors with rapid onset, rapid recovery, minimal hemodynamic effects, and negligible respiratory depression. Its inactive metabolite and reversibility with flumazenil provide additional safety advantages. To date, no prospective randomized controlled trial has directly compared the effects of propofol, ciprofol, and remimazolam on PONV in patients undergoing LC. This study aims to fill this evidence gap. Study design This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial conducted in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 statement. The study will be conducted at Xi'an Aerospace Hospital. A total of 114 adult patients scheduled for elective LC under general anesthesia will be enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups (n=38 per group): propofol group, ciprofol group, or remimazolam group. Sample size calculation Sample size was estimated using PASS 21 software based on a pilot study of 33 patients (11 per group) who underwent LC at Xi'an Aerospace Hospital between June 1 and July 1, 2026. Using a chi-square test (Proportions → Contingency Table module) with α=0.05, power (1-β)=0.80, and df=2, the minimum required sample size was calculated as 91 patients. Accounting for an anticipated 20% dropout rate, the final planned sample size is 114 patients (38 per group). Randomization and allocation concealment A computer-generated block randomization sequence in a 1:1:1 ratio will be produced using SAS 9.0 software. Allocation assignments will be sealed in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes and opened in order by an anesthetic nurse not directly involved in the study, ensuring adequate concealment of the allocation sequence. Anesthetic protocol All enrolled patients will undergo preoperative assessment the day before surgery and provide written informed consent. On arrival in the operating room, standard monitoring will be established, including electrocardiography, non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry (SpO2), nasopharyngeal temperature, and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. All patients will receive intravenous ondansetron 8 mg and dexamethasone 10 mg as prophylactic antiemetic treatment. Anesthesia induction: All patients will receive sufentanil citrate 0.5 μg/kg (Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical, Yichang, Hubei, China) and cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg. The sedative agent will be administered according to group assignment: propofol 2 mg/kg (Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China) intravenously over ≥30 s; ciprofol 0.4 mg/kg (Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Shenyang, Liaoning, China) intravenously over ≥30 s; or remimazolam 0.3 mg/kg (Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical, Yichang, Hubei, China) intravenously over ≥1 min. Once BIS reaches ≤60, preoxygenation via face mask will be performed for 3 min, followed by insertion of a supraglottic airway device and initiation of mechanical ventilation. After induction, bilateral subcostal and lateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks will be performed under ultrasound guidance using 0.3% ropivacaine 40 mL total (Shijiazhuang No.4 Pharmaceutical, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China). Anesthesia maintenance: All patients will receive continuous remifentanil infusion at 0.1-0.2 μg/kg/min for analgesia (Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical, Yichang, Hubei, China). Maintenance sedation will be administered per group: propofol 4-12 mg/kg/h; ciprofol 0.8-1.2 mg/kg/h; or remimazolam 0.2-1.0 mg/kg/h. Infusion rates will be titrated to maintain BIS values between 40 and 60. Cisatracurium besylate will be administered intermittently as needed for neuromuscular blockade. Ketorolac tromethamine 30 mg (Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical, Linyi, Shandong, China) will be given intravenously 5 min before surgery completion, after which all maintenance agents will be discontinued. Postoperative analgesia: All patients will receive multimodal analgesia via patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump. The PCIA formulation will comprise nalbuphine hydrochloride 1.5 mg/kg, ketorolac tromethamine 2 mg/kg, and ondansetron 16 mg diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 100 mL; background infusion rate 2 mL/h, bolus dose 2 mL, lockout interval 15 min, for 48 h. Intravenous ondansetron 8 mg will be administered as rescue antiemetic therapy for moderate-to-severe PONV. Outcome measures The primary outcome is the incidence of PONV (defined as nausea and/or vomiting) within 24 h postoperatively. PONV severity will be graded according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria: Grade I, no nausea or retching; Grade II, mild nausea with abdominal discomfort but no vomiting; Grade III, nausea with retching but no expulsion of gastric contents; Grade IV, severe vomiting with expulsion of gastric contents requiring pharmacological intervention. Secondary outcomes include: (1) incidence of vomiting within 24 h; (2) incidence of nausea within 24 h; (3) frequency of nausea, vomiting, and PONV episodes within 24 h; (4) visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively; and (5) peak VAS pain score within 24 h. Pain intensity will be assessed using a 0-10 VAS, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst imaginable pain. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Continuous variables will be assessed for normality. Normally distributed data will be presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared using one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Non-normally distributed data will be presented as median (interquartile range) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical variables will be expressed as frequency (percentage) and compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Repeated measures data will be analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. A multivariable logistic regression model will be constructed adjusting for age, sex, ASA classification, body mass index (BMI), and operation time to evaluate the independent associations between sedative agents and postoperative PONV outcomes. Spearman's rank correlation will be used to assess the relationship between postoperative pain scores and PONV frequency. All tests will be two-sided, with p \< 0.05 considered statistically significant.

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