Impact of Smoking on Immune Responses in Peri-implant Health and Disease

Impact of Smoking on Th1/Th2-M1/M2 Cytokine Balance and B-Cell Immune Responses in Peri-Implant Health and Disease

Status

Recruiting

Phases

Unknown

Study type

Observational

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT07750171

Enrollment

216

Registered

2026-08-06

Start date

2026-06-01

Completion date

2026-12-01

Last updated

2026-09-17

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Peri-Implant Health, Peri-implantitis, Peri Implant Mucositis

Keywords

Peri-implantitis, Host immune response, Smoking

Brief summary

Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting the gums and bone around dental implants. Peri-implant mucositis causes inflammation in the gums, while peri-implantitis can also lead to bone loss and, in severe cases, implant failure. Smoking is an important risk factor for these conditions because it may change how the immune system responds to inflammation and infection. This study will compare smokers and non-smokers with healthy dental implants, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis. Fluid samples will be collected from around the implants to measure proteins involved in inflammation, healing, and immune responses. The aim is to better understand how smoking affects the body's response to peri-implant diseases and to identify biological markers that may help assess disease risk and severity in the future.

Interventions

None listed

Study design

Observational model

OTHER

Time perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

21 Years to 75 Years

Healthy volunteers

Yes

Inclusion criteria

* willingness to participate in the study; * having at least one dental implant that has been in function for at least one year; * having an implant diagnosed with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or initial peri-implantitis according to the study definitions; for the initial peri-implantitis group, having an implant with PD of 6-7 mm.

Exclusion criteria

* having received periodontal therapy, oral decontamination treatment, antibiotics, or steroids within the last six months before study initiation; * being pregnant or breastfeeding; * having rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, or poorly controlled systemic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension; * having a history of radiation therapy or cancer therapy.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of Th1/Th2-, M1/M2-, and B-cell-related immune markers	At a single study visit	Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples will be analyzed to determine the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, BAFF, and APRIL. These marker levels will be compared among smokers and non-smokers with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

Contacts

CONTACTBuse Naz Büyükakçalı, DDS

busenazbuyukakcali@gazi.edu.tr+905448024169

CONTACTAysen Bodur, Professor

abodur@gazi.edu.tr

PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORBuse Naz Büyükakçalı, DDS

Gazi University

Outcome results