Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM), Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic Syndrome
Conditions
Brief summary
Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a recently defined clinical syndrome characterized by the coexistence and interaction of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic disorders, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Individuals with CKM syndrome commonly exhibit vascular dysfunction, endothelial impairment, arterial stiffness, and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although exaggerated blood pressure response during exercise has been recognized as an early marker of future hypertension and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, its relationship with aortic stiffness in patients with CKM syndrome has not been adequately investigated. The aim of this observational study is to evaluate the association between blood pressure response during a clinically indicated exercise stress test and aortic stiffness in adults with CKM syndrome. Eighty patients with physician-diagnosed CKM syndrome who are referred for routine exercise stress testing in the cardiology outpatient clinic will be enrolled. Blood pressure will be measured immediately before and after the exercise test. Aortic stiffness will be assessed using transthoracic echocardiography by calculating the aortic stiffness index (β-index) from systolic and diastolic aortic diameters and concurrent blood pressure measurements. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, lifestyle characteristics, and clinical data will also be collected. The findings may clarify whether blood pressure response during routine exercise testing can serve as a simple, non-invasive indicator of increased aortic stiffness and improve cardiovascular risk stratification in individuals with CKM syndrome.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Willing and able to provide written informed consent. * Aged 18 years or older. * Diagnosis of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome. * Referred by a cardiologist for a clinically indicated exercise stress test as part of routine clinical care. * Able to perform an exercise stress test.
Exclusion criteria
* Physical disability or any medical condition that precludes performing an exercise stress test. * Diagnosis of major depressive disorder
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Association Between the Pre-to-Post Exercise Change in Blood Pressure and Aortic Stiffness | During a single study visit: immediately before and immediately after the exercise stress test | The association between the change in blood pressure from immediately before to immediately after a clinically indicated exercise stress test and the aortic stiffness index (β-index) will be evaluated in adults with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic syndrome. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured immediately before and immediately after the exercise test. Aortic stiffness will be calculated using systolic and diastolic aortic diameters obtained by transthoracic echocardiography together with concurrent blood pressure measurements. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTEmine Tunç Süygün
Outcome results
None listed