Smartphone Accelerometry for Gait Analysis in Children With Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy, Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Smartphone Accelerometry, Gait Analysis, Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters, Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy, Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

This observational study will evaluate whether a smartphone's built-in accelerometer can provide accurate and repeatable measurements of walking in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Thirty-five children aged 6 to 12 years will complete two walking trials along a 10-meter indoor walkway at their usual comfortable speed. During each trial, a smartphone will be secured over the lower back at the L4-L5 level to record body acceleration using the Phyphox application. At the same time, a video camera will record the child's walking for analysis using Kinovea software. Measurements obtained from the smartphone will be compared with measurements obtained from video analysis. The study will assess walking velocity, cadence, stride timing, and gait asymmetry. The two repeated walking trials will also be used to determine whether the smartphone measurements are consistent when the test is repeated during the same session. The study does not involve any treatment or change to the child's usual medical or physical therapy care. The purpose is to determine whether smartphone-based gait assessment may be a practical, low-cost method for evaluating walking in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

Children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy may have differences in walking speed, step timing, cadence, and symmetry between the affected and unaffected lower limbs. Instrumented gait laboratories can provide detailed gait measurements, but they may be expensive, time-consuming, or unavailable in many clinical settings. Smartphones contain built-in motion sensors that may offer a simpler and more accessible method of measuring gait. This methodological validation study will examine the concurrent validity and intra-session test-retest reliability of smartphone-embedded linear accelerometry for the assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. A convenience sample of 35 children will be recruited from the Deraya University outpatient clinic. Eligible participants will be 6 to 12 years of age, have a clinical diagnosis of unilateral spastic cerebral palsy, and be classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System level I or II. Each participant will attend one assessment session. A Samsung Galaxy A7 smartphone will be secured horizontally over the lower back at the L4-L5 vertebral level using an adjustable waist belt. This location is intended to approximate the body's center of mass. The smartphone's internal linear accelerometer will record movement data using the Phyphox application. Participants will walk at a comfortable, self-selected speed along a flat, unobstructed 10-meter indoor walkway. At the same time, a high-definition video camera mounted on a stable tripod will record the walking trial from a perpendicular distance of approximately 3 meters. The video recordings will be analyzed frame by frame using Kinovea software and will serve as the reference method. Each child will complete two identical walking trials during the same session. The trials will be separated by a seated rest period of approximately 5 to 10 minutes to reduce fatigue. No therapeutic intervention will be administered, and the child's usual medical or physical therapy care will not be changed. Data obtained from the smartphone accelerometer and the video analysis will be used to calculate walking velocity, cadence, stride timing, and gait asymmetry. Smartphone-derived measurements will be compared with the corresponding Kinovea-derived measurements to evaluate concurrent validity. Measurements from the first and second walking trials will also be compared to evaluate intra-session test-retest reliability. The study is intended to determine whether smartphone-based accelerometry can provide valid and repeatable gait measurements that may be useful as a practical, non-invasive, and low-cost clinical assessment method for children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

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