Athletic Performance, Flexibility, Physical Fitness
Conditions
Keywords
Amateur Basketball Players, Dynamic Warm-Up, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Sprint Performance, Self-PNF
Brief summary
Brief Summary This randomized controlled trial will compare the immediate effects of three warm-up protocols on physical performance in male amateur basketball players. A total of 45 licensed basketball players aged 15 to 25 years will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: standard dynamic warm-up, dynamic warm-up followed by classical hold-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching, or dynamic warm-up followed by short-duration self-administered PNF stretching. The main outcome will be the change in countermovement jump height. Additional outcomes will include flexibility, knee range of motion, squat jump height, 20-meter sprint time, agility, dynamic balance, and perceived exertion. Measurements will be performed before the assigned warm-up protocol, immediately after the protocol, and 15 minutes after the protocol. The study aims to determine whether short-duration self-PNF stretching can improve flexibility while preserving performance more effectively than classical PNF stretching. Each participant will complete the assigned protocol and all assessments during a single study session.
Detailed description
This study is designed as a single-center, three-arm, parallel-group, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial investigating the acute effects of different warm-up and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching protocols in male amateur basketball players. Forty-five licensed amateur basketball players aged 15 to 25 years will be enrolled and randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of the following groups: Standard dynamic warm-up Standard dynamic warm-up followed by classical hold-relax PNF stretching Standard dynamic warm-up followed by short-duration self-administered PNF stretching Randomization will be performed using a computer-generated block randomization sequence prepared by an independent researcher who will not participate in outcome assessment. Group assignments will be concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. The investigator conducting the performance assessments will be blinded to group allocation. All participants will first perform a standardized dynamic warm-up lasting approximately 10 minutes. The program will include light jogging, high knees, butt kicks, walking lunges, side shuffles, carioca running, multidirectional leg swings, and short progressive acceleration runs. Participants assigned to the classical PNF group will subsequently receive therapist-administered hold-relax PNF stretching for the hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and hip flexor muscles. Each muscle group will undergo a 6-second submaximal isometric contraction followed by a 20-second passive stretch, repeated three times bilaterally. Participants assigned to the short-duration self-PNF group will perform supervised self-administered PNF exercises targeting the same muscle groups. Each cycle will include brief agonist or antagonist muscle contractions combined with a short stretching phase. Four repetitions will be completed for each muscle group. Outcome assessments will be conducted at three time points: Before the assigned intervention Within the first two minutes after completion of the intervention Fifteen minutes after completion of the intervention The primary outcome will be countermovement jump height, which will be used as an indicator of lower-extremity explosive performance. Secondary outcomes will include squat jump height, 20-meter sprint time, T-test agility performance, Illinois agility performance, Y Balance Test results, sit-and-reach flexibility, active knee flexion range of motion, and perceived exertion. All interventions and assessments will be completed during a single session lasting approximately 60 to 75 minutes. Testing will be conducted under standardized environmental conditions using the same equipment and assessment order. Participants will be instructed to avoid strenuous exercise before testing and to refrain from alcohol, energy drinks, pre-workout products, and other ergogenic supplements that could influence performance. The study will examine whether short-duration self-administered PNF stretching can provide flexibility benefits without adversely affecting jump, sprint, agility, and balance performance. The findings may help sports physiotherapists, trainers, and coaches select evidence-based warm-up strategies for amateur basketball players.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALStandard Dynamic Warm-Up
Participants will perform a standardized dynamic warm-up lasting approximately 10 minutes. The protocol will include 3 minutes of light jogging, high knees, butt kicks, walking lunges, side shuffles, carioca running, sagittal and frontal plane leg swings, and three 10-meter progressive acceleration runs. Each dynamic exercise will be performed for approximately 20 to 30 seconds or over two 20-meter repetitions, as appropriate.
BEHAVIORALClassical Hold-Relax PNF Stretching
After completing the standardized dynamic warm-up, participants will receive therapist-administered hold-relax PNF stretching for the hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and hip flexors. Each muscle will be moved to the maximum pain-free stretch position. The participant will then perform a 6-second isometric contraction at approximately 60% to 70% of maximal voluntary effort, followed by relaxation and a 20-second therapist-assisted passive stretch at the new range limit. Three repetitions will be performed bilaterally for each muscle group, with approximately 30 seconds of rest between muscle groups. The PNF component will last
BEHAVIORALShort-Duration Self-PNF Stretching
After completing the standardized dynamic warm-up, participants will perform a supervised short-duration self-PNF protocol targeting the hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and hip flexors. Each repetition will include a 5-second contraction of the opposing muscle group, a 5-second stretch of the target muscle, and a 5-second contraction of the target muscle. Four repetitions will be completed for each muscle group bilaterally, with approximately 20 seconds of rest between muscle groups. The self-PNF component will last approximately 7 to 8 minutes.
Sponsors
Istanbul Medipol University Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
The investigator performing the physical performance assessments will be blinded to group allocation. Randomization will be conducted by an independent researcher who will not participate in outcome assessment. Group assignments will be concealed using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. Participants and the physiotherapist supervising or administering the warm-up protocols cannot be blinded because of the visible differences between the interventions. Statistical analyses will be performed using coded group labels.
Intervention model description
Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three parallel intervention arms: standard dynamic warm-up, dynamic warm-up followed by classical hold-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, or dynamic warm-up followed by short-duration self-administered proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching. Each participant will receive only the intervention assigned to their group during a single study session. Outcomes will be assessed before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 15 minutes after the intervention.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
15 Years to 25 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Male * Aged 15-25 years * Licensed amateur basketball player * Minimum 2 years of basketball experience * Basketball training at least 3 days per week * No serious lower-extremity injury within the past 6 months * No lower-extremity surgery within the past 6 months * No acute pain or movement limitation * No neurological, vestibular, cardiovascular, or respiratory disorder preventing exercise * No strenuous exercise or official competition within the past 48 hours No alcohol consumption within the past 24 hours No caffeine, energy drinks, pre-workout products, or ergogenic supplements on the testing day * Written informed consent * Parental consent and participant assent for participants younger than 18 years
Exclusion criteria
* Acute lower-extremity muscle, tendon, ligament, or bone injury * Knee, hip, or ankle surgery within the past 6 months * History of major ligament, meniscal, or Achilles tendon injury * Lumbar disc herniation, sciatica, peripheral nerve injury, or neurological disorder * Vestibular disorder or balance impairment * Hypertension, serious cardiovascular disease, or exercise contraindication * Physiotherapy or lower-extremity rehabilitation within the past 3 months * Regular structured lower-extremity stretching * Acute infection, fever, or poor general health on the testing day * Inability to complete the intervention or performance tests
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Countermovement Jump Height | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Lower-extremity explosive performance will be assessed using the countermovement jump test. Participants will perform three maximal vertical jumps with their hands placed on their hips. Jump height will be recorded in centimeters using a standardized jump measurement system. The highest value from the three attempts will be used. Higher values indicate better jump performance. Change from baseline will be compared among the three intervention groups. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Squat Jump Height | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Explosive lower-extremity performance without a countermovement will be assessed using the squat jump test. Jump height will be recorded in centimeters. Participants will complete three attempts, and the highest value will be used. Higher values indicate better performance. |
| Change in 20-Meter Sprint Time | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Linear sprint performance will be assessed over a distance of 20 meters using an electronic timing system. Participants will complete three maximal sprint attempts with approximately 3 minutes of rest between attempts. The shortest completion time will be recorded in seconds. Lower values indicate better sprint performance. |
| Change in T-Test Agility Time | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Multidirectional agility and change-of-direction performance will be assessed using the standard T-test agility protocol. Participants will complete three attempts, and the shortest completion time will be recorded in seconds. Lower values indicate better agility performance. |
| Change in Illinois Agility Test Time | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Agility and rapid change-of-direction performance will be assessed using the Illinois Agility Test. Completion time will be recorded in seconds. The shortest valid completion time will be used for analysis. Lower values indicate better agility performance. |
| Change in Y Balance Test Composite Score | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Dynamic balance will be assessed using the Y Balance Test in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Reach distances will be normalized to lower-extremity length, and a composite score will be calculated as a percentage. Higher scores indicate better dynamic balance performance. |
| Change in Sit-and-Reach Distance | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Posterior-chain flexibility will be assessed using the sit-and-reach test. Participants will complete three attempts, and the greatest reaching distance will be recorded in centimeters. Higher values indicate greater flexibility. |
| Change in Active Knee Flexion Range of Motion | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Active knee flexion range of motion will be measured bilaterally in the prone position using a universal goniometer. Three measurements will be obtained for each lower extremity, and the highest value will be recorded in degrees. Higher values indicate greater knee flexion range of motion and quadriceps flexibility. |
| Change in Rating of Perceived Exertion | Baseline, immediately after the intervention (within 2 minutes), and 15 minutes after the intervention | Perceived physical exertion will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale ranging from 0 to 10. A score of 0 indicates no exertion, whereas a score of 10 indicates maximal exertion. Higher scores indicate greater perceived exertion. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTMehmet Salih TAN, PhD, : Assistant Professor
Outcome results
None listed