Athletic Performance, Detraining, Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Plyometric training, Female football players, Isokinetic strength, Jump performance, Neuromuscular control
Brief summary
Lower extremity strength, explosive power, dynamic balance, and functional range of motion are critical determinants of athletic performance and injury prevention in soccer (football). While plyometric training is widely used to improve these qualities, the comparative effects of bodyweight plyometric training versus externally loaded plyometric training, and the maintenance of these effects during detraining periods, remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of two different plyometric training methods on athletic performance and subsequent detraining processes in young female soccer players. Participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: Bodyweight Plyometric Training Group (BW-PT), External Loading Plyometric Training Group (EL-PT, who will wear vests weighing 10% of their body weight), and Control Group (CG, who will only continue with routine soccer training). Training interventions will be conducted for 6 weeks, immediately followed by a 4-week detraining period. To comprehensively assess athletic performance, the following measurements will be taken at baseline (pre-test), immediately after the training period (post-test), and after the detraining period (maintenance test): Isokinetic muscle strength of knee extensors and flexors (peak torque and force development rate at 60°/s and 120°/s), Jumping performance (standing long jump, vertical jump height, and 15-second repeated jump test), Functional range of motion (via Functional Movement Screen - FMS), Dynamic balance (via Y-Balance Test). The primary objective is to determine which plyometric loading strategy, compared to traditional soccer training, provides superior and longer-lasting physiological and biomechanical adaptations in young female athletes.
Interventions
OTHERBody-Weight Plyometrics
A structured plyometric training program performed twice a week for six weeks. Exercises include various jumps and bounds using only the participant's body weight. Each session lasts approximately 30 minutes.
OTHERAdditional Loaded Plyometric
A structured plyometric training program performed twice a week for six weeks. Participants will wear a weighted vest equivalent to 10% of their body weight during the exercises. Each session lasts approximately 30 minutes.
Participants in this group will continue to perform their standard, routine football training sessions. They will not receive any additional or structured plyometric training program during the intervention period.
Sponsors
Pamukkale University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
13 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* No history of surgery due to musculoskeletal injuries within the past 6 months. * No use of ergogenic supplements within the past 3 months. * Regular participation in routine team training sessions for at least 2 months prior to the study.
Exclusion criteria
* History of any recent injury requiring a recovery period of more than one week. * Use of ergogenic aids or nutritional supplements during the intervention period. * Missing two consecutive or four non-consecutive training sessions during the study period. * Participation in additional structured physical training or exercises outside of the routine team practices and the study protocol.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute Peak Torque (APT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Concentric isokinetic absolute peak torque (APT) of the knee extensors and flexors (dominant leg) will be evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities using a Cybex Humac Norm dynamometer during 5 maximal repetitions. (Unit of measure: Nm) |
| Relative Peak Torque (RPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Concentric isokinetic relative peak torque (RPT) of the knee extensors and flexors (dominant leg) will be evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities using a Cybex Humac Norm dynamometer during 5 maximal repetitions. (Unit of measure: Nm/kg) |
| Time to Peak Torque (TPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Concentric isokinetic time to peak torque (TPT) of the knee extensors and flexors (dominant leg) will be evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities using a Cybex Humac Norm dynamometer during 5 maximal repetitions. (Unit of measure: milliseconds) |
| Average Peak Torque (AvPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Concentric isokinetic average peak torque (AvPT) of the knee extensors and flexors (dominant leg) will be evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities using a Cybex Humac Norm dynamometer during 5 maximal repetitions. (Unit of measure: Nm) |
| Average Rate of Force Development (AvRFD) of Knee Extensors and Flexors | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Concentric isokinetic average rate of force development (AvRFD) of the knee extensors and flexors (dominant leg) will be evaluated at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities using a Cybex Humac Norm dynamometer during 5 maximal repetitions. (Unit of measure: Nm/s) |
| Vertical Jump Height (VJH) | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Vertical jump height calculated from flight time will be evaluated using an electronic contact mat system (Fusion SmartJump, Fusion Sport, Australia). Participants will perform a countermovement jump without arm swing. The best value from 3 repetitions, separated by 1-minute rest intervals, will be recorded. (Unit of measure: cm) |
| Standing Long Jump (SLJ) Distance | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Horizontal jump distance will be assessed. Participants will perform a maximum distance jump with two feet from behind a starting line. The best value from 3 repetitions will be recorded. (Unit of measure: cm) |
| 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Average Power (RJ15s-AP) | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Average power (RJ15s-AP) will be evaluated during 15 seconds of continuous maximal vertical jumps using an electronic contact mat system (Fusion SmartJump, Fusion Sport, Australia). Participants will jump with hands on hips and an upright trunk. The value is calculated using the Bosco equation. (Unit of Measure: W) |
| 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Flight Time (RJ15s-FT) | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Flight time (RJ15s-FT) will be evaluated during 15 seconds of continuous maximal vertical jumps using an electronic contact mat system (Fusion SmartJump, Fusion Sport, Australia). Participants will jump with hands on hips and an upright trunk. The value is calculated using the Bosco equation. (Unit of Measure: ms) |
| 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Number of Jumps (N-RJ15s) | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | The number of jumps (N-RJ15s) will be evaluated during 15 seconds of continuous maximal vertical jumps using an electronic contact mat system (Fusion SmartJump, Fusion Sport, Australia). Participants will jump with hands on hips and an upright trunk. (Unit of Measure: Count) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Functional Movement Capacity | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Functional movement capacity and potential asymmetries will be evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) kit, which consists of 7 movement patterns scored from 0 to 3 (max total score: 21). (Unit of measure: Score on a scale from 0 to 21) |
| Dynamic Balance and Neuromuscular Control | Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week). | Dynamic balance will be measured using the Y-Balance Test kit. Reach distances in three directions will be normalized to the participant's leg length to assess lower extremity neuromuscular control and asymmetry. (Unit of measure: Percentage) |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTFatih GUR, PhD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORGUR
Pamukkale University
Outcome results
None listed