Chronic Pain
Conditions
Keywords
chronic pain, smoking, Cross-Cultural Adaptation
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to perform the Turkish cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain and Smoking Inventory (PSI) and to comprehensively evaluate its reliability, validity, and psychometric properties among daily cigarette smokers with chronic pain.
Detailed description
This methodological and cross-sectional study consists of two primary phases: (1) the cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain and Smoking Inventory (PSI) into Turkish, and (2) the evaluation of the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version (PSI-TR). The study will be conducted at the Bingöl University Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation and the Bingöl State Hospital Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic. Data collection will be carried out using printed forms and an online survey platform (Kobotoolbox). Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process The cultural adaptation process of the PSI will be performed in accordance with the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines. The process involves five distinct stages: Forward translation from English to Turkish by two independent translators. A reconciliation meeting to merge the translations into a single synthesis version. Backward translation of the synthesized version into English by two independent translators who are blind to the original scale. Review of the backward translation by the original scale developer. A pilot test with 10 individuals to assess semantic clarity and comprehensibility before finalization.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Hacettepe University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Aged 18 years and older. * Having a diagnosis of chronic pain that has persisted for at least 3 months. * Smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day (within the last 30 days). * Being able to read and write in Turkish. * Volunteering to participate in the study and signing the written informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
* Having a diagnosis of active psychosis or severe depression. * Having a diagnosis of cognitive impairment or intellectual disability. * Having severe alcohol dependence or substance use disorder. * Having reading and writing difficulties to a degree that prevents completing the questionnaire independently. * Being in the pregnancy or breastfeeding period. * Using nicotine replacement therapy or smoking cessation medication within the last 1 month.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Turkish Pain and Smoking Inventory (PSI-TR) | at baseline | The Pain and Smoking Inventory (PSI) is a 9-item self-report scale designed to assess the perceived interrelations between chronic pain and tobacco smoking. It measures three conceptual domains: pain as a motivator for smoking, smoking as a coping strategy for pain, and pain as a barrier to smoking cessation. Each item is scored on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 6. The total score ranges from 0 to 54, where higher scores indicate a stronger perceived relationship between pain and smoking behaviors. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence | at baseline | A 6-item scale assessing the severity of nicotine dependence (scores range from 0 to 10; higher scores indicate higher dependence). |
| Numerical Rating Scale | at baseline | An 11-point scale assessing average pain intensity over the last week (scores range from 0 to 10; 0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). |
| Pain Disability Index | at baseline | A 7-item questionnaire measuring the impact of chronic pain on daily life activities across seven domains (scores range from 0 to 70; higher scores indicate greater disability). |
| Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire | at baseline | A 10-item instrument assessing confidence in performing daily activities despite pain (scores range from 0 to 60; higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy). |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | at baseline | A 14-item scale with two subscales evaluating anxiety (7 items) and depression (7 items) symptom severity (scores for each subscale range from 0 to 21; higher scores indicate greater distress). |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTAybüke Fanuscu
Outcome results
None listed