Eating Behaviors
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the influence independent fn combined influence of variety and energy density on food intake at a meal. Additionally, individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and energy density on intake.
Interventions
OTHERLow Variety
Only one food served
OTHERHigh Variety
Three foods served
OTHERLow ED
Foods are low in energy density
OTHERHigh ED
Foods are high in energy density
Sponsors
Cornell University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Regularly consume 3 meals per day * Like, are willing to eat, and do not have allergies to the study foods * Are willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before study visits * Are willing to consume a consistent breakfast the day of study visits * Have a BMI between 18.5-29.9 kg/m2
Exclusion criteria
* Experienced a weight change \>5 kg in the past month * Are a smoker * Are an athlete in training * Take medications or have a health condition known to affect appetite * Are pregnant or breastfeeding * Have ever been diagnosed with an eating disorder or depression * Specialize in the fields of psychology or nutritional sciences.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in food intake | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Weight (grams) of the food consumed |
| Change in energy intake | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Energy (kcal) of the food consumed |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in water intake | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Weight (grams) of water consumed |
| Change in meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Duration of the meal in minutes |
| Change in eating rate | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration |
| Change in sip count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | The number of sips of water during the meal |
| Change in bite count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | The number of bites of food during the meal |
| Change in bite size | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Mean grams of food consumed per bite, calculated by dividing meal food intake by number of bites. |
| Change in switching between bites and sips | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal |
| Change in rating of liking of the taste of food samples | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of desire to eat food samples | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all strong (0 mm) to extremely strong (100 mm), in answer to "How strong is your desire to eat \[this food\] right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety. |
| Change in rating of thirst | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of hunger | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of nausea | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of fullness | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of prospective consumption | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much food do you think you could eat right now?". |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTPaige M Cunningham, PhD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORPaige M Cunningham, PhD
Cornell University
Outcome results
None listed