CBC Indices and Serum Lactate in Neonatal Sepsis

Neonatal Sepsis, Sepsis

Neonatal Sepsis, Complete Blood Count Indices, Serum Lactate, Mean Platelet Volume, Immature-to-Total Neutrophil Ratio, Red Cell Distribution Width, Diagnostic Biomarkers, Prognosis

Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of illness and death in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). Diagnosing it quickly is challenging because the early signs often overlap with other common newborn health issues. While a blood culture is the most accurate way to confirm an infection, the results can take 48 to 72 hours. This delay highlights the need for faster, more accessible diagnostic tools. This observational study aims to find quicker ways to diagnose neonatal sepsis and predict its severity using readily available blood tests. Researchers are investigating whether specific details from a standard Complete Blood Count (CBC), such as the variation in red blood cell size (RDW), the average size of platelets (MPV), and the ratio of immature to total white blood cells (I/T ratio), combined with serum lactate levels (a marker of tissue oxygenation and stress) can serve as reliable, early warning signs. The study will enroll newborns (0 to 28 days old) admitted to the NICU who show clinical signs of a possible infection. Upon admission and before starting any antibiotic treatment, a small blood sample will be drawn to measure these CBC indices and serum lactate, alongside the standard blood culture. By comparing these rapid blood test results with the final blood culture outcomes and the infants' overall clinical progress in the NICU, the research team hopes to determine if this simple combination of markers can help doctors diagnose sepsis earlier, anticipate the severity of the illness, and make faster, life-saving treatment decisions.

Neonatal sepsis remains one of the most devastating conditions encountered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide. The global population-level incidence of neonatal sepsis is estimated at approximately 2,202 cases per 100,000 live births, with mortality ranging between 11% and 19%. Diagnosis is clinically challenging because signs are nonspecific and overlap with other neonatal conditions. Although blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis, it has significant limitations, including a 48 to 72-hour delay for results, low sensitivity due to the small blood volumes collected from neonates, and the risk of contamination. Complete blood count (CBC) indices, including the absolute neutrophil count, immature-to-total neutrophil (I/T) ratio, mean platelet volume (MPV), and red cell distribution width (RDW), have attracted interest as accessible screening tools. Furthermore, serum lactate is an established critical prognostic biomarker that reflects tissue hypoperfusion and anaerobic metabolism. This study aims to evaluate the combined diagnostic and prognostic values of these CBC-derived indices and serum lactate in a resource-limited NICU environment. Upon admission to the NICU, every enrolled neonate will undergo a comprehensive clinical assessment. * Maternal and perinatal history will be extracted from obstetric records, including details such as maternal age, duration of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), intrapartum fever, maternal urinary tract infections, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) status, and mode of delivery. * Continuous physiologic monitoring will record heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. * Core body temperature will be assessed continuously using skin temperature probes. * An attending neonatologist will conduct a physical examination to document clinical signs of sepsis, including feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, lethargy, hypotonia, apnea, chest retractions, cyanosis, and altered capillary refill time. To prevent pre-analytical errors and sample contamination, a strict aseptic blood sampling protocol will be executed prior to the administration of any empirical antimicrobial therapy. * Skin antisepsis will be performed using a two-step technique with 70% isopropyl alcohol followed by 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, which will be allowed to air-dry completely. * A precise volume of 3.0 to 4.0 mL of peripheral venous blood will be extracted. * The blood will be distributed in a strict order of draw: 1.0 to 2.0 mL for the pediatric aerobic blood culture bottle, 1.0 mL into a gray-top tube containing Sodium Fluoride and Potassium Oxalate to halt glycolysis for lactate testing, and 1.0 mL into a purple-top K2EDTA tube for the CBC. Laboratory Analytical Methods: * CBC parameters will be analyzed using a fully automated, 5-part differential hematology analyzer utilizing flow cytometry and electrical impedance (Coulter principle). Additionally, a manual peripheral blood smear stained with Leishman's stain will be evaluated under a light microscope by a designated clinical pathologist blinded to the patient's clinical status. The pathologist will evaluate for toxic granulation, Döhle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuolization, and perform a manual 100-cell differential count to calculate the I/T ratio. * Serum lactate levels will be quantified using a high-throughput automated clinical chemistry analyzer, with photometric measurement at a wavelength of 540 to 550 nm. * Blood cultures will be loaded into an automated, continuous-monitoring microbial detection system. Bottles will be incubated at 37.0°C and continuously agitated, utilizing sensors to detect carbon dioxide produced by actively metabolizing microorganisms. Negative bottles will be incubated for a full 5 days before being finalized.

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