Type 2 Diabetes
Conditions
Keywords
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Strength Training, Non-linear Periodization, Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, Linear Periodization, Resistance Training
Brief summary
This randomized controlled study aims to compare the effects of different periodization-based strength training approaches in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants will be allocated to non-linear periodization, linear periodization, or control groups. The intervention program will be conducted for 8 weeks and will evaluate exercise capacity, muscle strength, quality of life, body composition, and metabolic parameters.
Detailed description
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with reduced exercise capacity, decreased muscle strength, impaired quality of life, and metabolic dysfunction. Exercise training is recommended as an important component of diabetes management; however, the comparative effectiveness of different strength training periodization approaches remains unclear. This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of non-linear periodization and linear periodization strength training programs in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants will be randomized into three groups: a non-linear periodization training group, a linear periodization training group, and a control group receiving usual care. The intervention will be conducted for 8 weeks, three times per week. Outcomes including exercise capacity, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life, and metabolic parameters will be evaluated before and after the intervention period.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALNon-linear Periodization-Based Strength Training
Participants will perform supervised non-linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks.
BEHAVIORALLinear Periodization-Based Strength Training
Participants will perform supervised linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks.
OTHERUsual Care
Participants will receive usual care and no structured exercise intervention during the study period.
Sponsors
Baskent University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Participants will be assigned to one of three parallel groups: non-linear periodization-based strength training, linear periodization-based strength training, or control.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Adults aged between 18 to 65 years * Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) * Not having participated in any structured exercise program within the last 6 months * Willingness to participate in the study and provide written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of nephropathy, retinopathy, or peripheral neuropathy * Presence of neurological, cognitive, or orthopedic disorders that may affect outcome measurements * Severe respiratory disease (Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second \[FEV1\] \<35% or Forced Vital Capacity \[FVC\] \<50%) * Presence of ischemic heart disease or peripheral arterial disease * History of any cardiovascular event within the last 6 months * Current malignancy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise Capacity | Baseline and after 8 week | Exercise capacity will be assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Peripheral Muscle Strength | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Peripheral muscle strength will be assessed using handheld dynamometry for upper and lower extremity muscle groups and reported in Newton (N). |
| Change in Hand Grip Strength | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Hand grip strength will be assessed using a hand dynamometer and reported in kilograms (kg). |
| Change in Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire Score | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Change in the Turkish version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQOL) total score and subscale scores from baseline to 8 weeks will be evaluated. The DQOL consists of 45 items assessing treatment satisfaction, psychological impact, concerns about future effects of diabetes, and social/vocational concerns. Each item is scored on a 1-5 scale, and higher scores indicate better diabetes-related quality of life. |
| Change in Body Fat Percentage | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Body fat percentage (%) will be assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). |
| Change in Skeletal Muscle Mass | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Skeletal muscle mass (kg) will be assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). |
| Change in Resting Metabolic Rate | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Resting metabolic rate (kcal/day) will be assessed using indirect calorimetry (COSMED Fitmate Pro, Rome, Italy). |
| Change in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Glycemic control will be assessed by measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (%). |
| Change in Fasting Blood Glucose | Baseline and after 8 weeks | Glycemic control will be assessed by measuring fasting blood glucose levels (mg/dL). |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTAyşegül Erkoç, PT
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORNeslihan Duruturk, PhD
Baskent University
Outcome results
None listed