Early Childhood Caries (ECC), Gingivitis, Malocclusion, Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), Traumatic Dental Injuries
Conditions
Keywords
oral health related qualiry of life in preschool children
Brief summary
The observational study aims to improve understanding of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among preschool children in the District of Portalegre, Portugal, by examining the roles of sociodemographic, behavioral, and parental psychosocial factors, as well as the child's oral health status. The study seeks to answer the following main research question: How do sociodemographic, behavioural, parental psychosocial factors, and the child's oral health status influence the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of preschool children in the District of Portalegre?
Detailed description
This observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study aims to deepen understanding of the factors associated with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among preschool children in the Portalegre District. For participant selection, a probabilistic, multi-stage sampling process, stratified by type of preschool (public or private) and by municipality, was used. The final sample comprises 33 preschools, including 22 public and 11 private. Data collection comprises two complementary components: a questionnaire completed by parents or caregivers and an intraoral examination for each participating child. The questionnaire comprises seven sections with multiple-choice and open-ended items. It collects information on the child's general health, access to oral healthcare, child and caregiver behaviors, OHRQoL, parental beliefs and attitudes regarding oral health, and sociodemographic characteristics. Distribution is carried out by educators and assistants from the institutions, ensuring delivery to parents or caregivers. The intraoral examination collected data on oral hygiene, gingival health, the presence of dental caries, malocclusion, and traumatic dental lesions. All records were documented on a standardised form developed for the study. Examinations were carried out in a schoolroom with good natural and artificial lighting, using existing furniture. All infection control and cross-contamination prevention measures were implemented, including the use of disposable gloves and masks, as well as sterilized instruments. The instruments used included a LED headlight, a flat intraoral mirror, a millimetre ruler, and a CPI (Community Periodontal Index) periodontal probe, in accordance with World Health Organization specifications, with a 0.5 mm ball tip. The examination followed a standardized sequence: assessment of oral hygiene status, recording of gingival health, toothbrushing with a disposable toothbrush, drying the teeth with gauze, and subsequent evaluation of dental caries, malocclusion, and traumatic dental injuries.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
University of Lisbon
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Study design
Observational model
ECOLOGIC_OR_COMMUNITY
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
3 Years to 5 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* All children who attended the selected classrooms were included in the study and who: * Were between 3 and 5 years of age at the time of the observation; * Had informed consent provided by their parents or legal guardians; * Assented to participate in the study
Exclusion criteria
\-
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Oral Health-Related Quality of Life | Baseline | The OHRQoL of preschool children will be assessed using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), included in the parent questionnaire. ECOHIS has 13 items: 9 evaluating the impact of oral problems on the child (Child ECOHIS) and 4 evaluating the impact on the family (Family ECOHIS). The child subscale includes four domains (symptoms, function, psychology, and social interaction), while the family subscale includes parental distress and family function. Items use a Likert scale from 0 ("Never") to 4 ("Very often"), with a "Don't know" option treated as missing. Participants with ≥2 "Don't know" responses in the child subscale or ≥1 in the family subscale will be excluded. The total ECOHIS score ranges from 0-52, with child and family scores ranging from 0-32 and 0-16. Higher scores indicate a more negative impact. Assessed at the moment when parents complete the questionnaire. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Level of Oral Hygiene | Baseline | Oral hygiene was assessed using the soft debris component of the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), following the criteria proposed by Rodrigues. For the primary dentition, the buccal surfaces of teeth 54, 61, and 82 and the lingual surface of tooth 75 were examined with a periodontal probe aligned parallel to the long axis of the tooth. If any of the indicated teeth were missing, the closest distal tooth was examined; if this tooth was also absent, the closest mesial tooth was assessed. Each tooth was assigned an integer score from 0 to 3, and the participant's final score was the mean of the values obtained. Assessed during the intraoral examination. |
| Gingival health | Baseline | Gingival health was quantified using the ORI (Oral Rating Index), an oral classification index, following the criteria proposed by Kawamura. The ORI was based on the examination of four areas: the buccal surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth, the buccal surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth, the palatal surfaces of the right maxillary molars, and the lingual surfaces of the right mandibular molars. To determine each individual's ORI level, observable gingival characteristics and the accumulation of calculus and dental plaque were assessed, after which the individual was classified on an ordinal scale. The index was recorded without manual instruments, under natural light, and the decision was made within approximately 10 seconds. In cases of uncertainty, the examiner assigned the lowest score as the representative value for the individual. Assessed during the intraoral examination. |
| Presence of caries | Baseline | For the diagnosis of dental caries, the procedures and criteria of ICDAS II were followed. The protocol described by this system recommended tooth brushing and drying prior to caries detection; therefore, the teeth were brushed with a disposable toothbrush and then dried with gauze. The system used two digits to record each tooth or surface: the first digit referred to restorations and sealants, and the second to the dental caries diagnosis. In this study, recording was performed per tooth, corresponding to the worst condition observed among its surfaces. In the ICDAS II system, codes 1 and 2 record early non-cavitated caries. However, because data collection occurred in kindergarten settings without the possibility of drying teeth with compressed air, code 1 for smooth-surface lesions could not be used. As anticipated in ICDAS II guidelines for epidemiological studies, codes 1 and 2 were therefore combined and recorded as "A" in this study. Assessed during the intraoral examination. |
| Presence of malocclusion | Baseline | The criteria for assessing malocclusion followed Bjork, Zhou, and Grippaudo. Malocclusion was classified into three groups: (1) occlusal anomalies (anterior crossbite, edge to edge bite, increased overjet, anterior open bite, deep bite, posterior crossbite, scissor bite); (2) space anomalies (crowding); and (3) dentition anomalies (supernumerary teeth, agenesis, malformations). Anterior crossbite, edge to edge bite, increased overjet, anterior open bite, and deep bite were determined using horizontal and vertical overlap measurements. Horizontal overlap was recorded as the greatest distance between maxillary and mandibular incisors parallel to the occlusal plane; vertical overlap was the greatest distance between their incisal edges. Assessed during the intraoral examination. |
| Presence of dental trauma | Baseline | The criteria used to diagnose traumatic dental injuries were based on WHO recommendations. Teeth affected by dental trauma were coded as follows: 0 - No signs of injury; 1 - Treated injury; 2 - Enamel fracture only; 3 - Enamel and dentine fracture; 4 - Pulp involvement; 5 - Tooth loss due to trauma; 6 - Other damage; 9 - Tooth excluded Assessed during the intraoral examination. |
Countries
Portugal
Outcome results
None listed