Athletic Performance, Recovery, Sleep
Conditions
Keywords
magnesium glycinate, magnesium L-threonate, collegiate athletes, sleep duration, athlete recovery, WHOOP, heart rate variability, reaction time, placebo-controlled trial, dietary supplement
Brief summary
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will compare magnesium glycinate, magnesium L-threonate, and placebo in UCLA varsity athletes. Participants will complete a baseline monitoring period followed by 4 weeks of blinded nightly supplementation. WHOOP or study-approved wearable data will be used to evaluate sleep efficiency, total sleep time, sleep consistency, heart rate variability, resting heart rate, and recovery metrics. Baseline and final testing will assess selected reaction and physical performance outcomes. The primary outcome is change in WHOOP-derived sleep efficiency from baseline week to final treatment week.
Detailed description
Magnesium is involved in neuromuscular signaling, cellular energy metabolism, autonomic regulation, and sleep-related physiology. Competitive athletes often experience sleep restriction, training stress, travel, soreness, and recovery demands. Magnesium glycinate and magnesium L-threonate are commonly used athlete-facing magnesium formulations, but they are not interchangeable. Glycinate is commonly positioned as a well-tolerated sleep-oriented formulation, whereas L-threonate is of interest because of prior signals related to sleep, cognition, reaction performance, and central nervous system magnesium biology. This single-site UCLA study will enroll adult varsity athletes aged 18 to 35 years. Participants will complete screening, informed consent, baseline assessments, wearable monitoring, a baseline monitoring period, randomization in a 1:1:1 ratio, 4 weeks of blinded nightly capsules, brief daily REDCap morning surveys, weekly adherence and safety check-ins, and final performance-adjacent testing. The primary outcome is change in average WHOOP-derived sleep efficiency from baseline week to final treatment week. Prespecified primary contrasts will compare magnesium glycinate versus placebo and magnesium L-threonate versus placebo. Total sleep time, sleep consistency, resting heart rate, heart rate variability, WHOOP Recovery Score, reaction-time performance, grip strength, countermovement jump height, adherence, tolerability, and adverse events will be analyzed as secondary or exploratory outcomes according to the final statistical analysis plan. The magnesium glycinate versus magnesium L-threonate contrast will be treated as exploratory unless the final statistical analysis plan preserves alpha for that comparison.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTMagnesium glycinate
Blinded oral magnesium glycinate capsules taken nightly for 28 days.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTMagnesium L-threonate
Blinded oral magnesium L-threonate capsules taken nightly for 28 days.
OTHERPlacebo
Matching placebo capsules taken nightly for 28 days.
Sponsors
University of California, Los Angeles
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Participants, study personnel involved in assessment, investigators, and outcome assessors will remain blinded to treatment assignment. The primary analysis will also be performed with treatment assignment masked when feasible. Emergency unblinding may occur only when needed for participant safety or regulatory requirements.
Intervention model description
Participants will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to magnesium glycinate, magnesium L-threonate, or placebo.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 18 to 35 years. * Current UCLA varsity athlete. * Actively training or competing during the study period. * Willing to wear WHOOP or a study-approved wearable device continuously during baseline and treatment periods if wearable data are used. * Willing to take assigned study capsules nightly for 28 days. * Willing to complete brief daily REDCap surveys and weekly adherence/safety check-ins. * Able to provide informed consent and comply with study procedures.
Exclusion criteria
* Current magnesium supplementation without completion of an appropriate washout before baseline. * Current investigational drug or investigational supplement use. * Current use of prescription or over-the-counter sleep medications unless reviewed and permitted by the study clinician. * Diagnosed sleep disorder that, in the investigator's judgment, would confound outcomes or increase risk. * Significant kidney disease or another medical condition that may increase risk with magnesium supplementation. * Known intolerance or allergy to magnesium glycinate, magnesium L-threonate, placebo, or inactive study ingredients. * Use of medications with clinically relevant magnesium interactions unless reviewed and permitted by the study clinician. * Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, would make participation unsafe, compromise voluntary consent, or prevent valid outcome assessment.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in WHOOP-derived sleep efficiency percentage from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | Average nightly WHOOP-derived sleep efficiency, expressed as a percentage, will be calculated for the baseline week and final treatment week. A valid week requires at least 5 usable nights in the 7-day window. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average; higher values indicate improved sleep efficiency. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in BlazePod RIW Challenge reaction time in milliseconds from baseline to final visit | Baseline to final visit, approximately 5 weeks | Reaction performance will be measured using the prespecified BlazePod RIW Challenge protocol. The outcome is change in reaction time in milliseconds from baseline to final visit. Lower reaction time indicates better performance. |
| Change in BlazePod Speed Tap reaction time in milliseconds from baseline to final visit | Baseline to final visit, approximately 5 weeks | Reaction performance will be measured using the prespecified BlazePod Speed Tap protocol. The outcome is change in reaction time in milliseconds from baseline to final visit. Lower reaction time indicates better performance. |
| Change in WHOOP-derived sleep consistency score from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | WHOOP-derived sleep consistency score, or an equivalent prespecified wearable-derived sleep timing regularity metric, will be summarized for the baseline week and final treatment week. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average. |
| Change in WHOOP-derived total sleep time in minutes from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | Average nightly total sleep time captured by WHOOP, expressed in minutes, will be calculated for the baseline week and final treatment week. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average. |
| Change in WHOOP-derived resting heart rate in beats per minute from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | Nightly resting heart rate captured by WHOOP, expressed in beats per minute, will be summarized as weekly averages for the baseline week and final treatment week. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average. |
| Change in WHOOP-derived heart rate variability in milliseconds from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | Nightly heart rate variability captured by WHOOP, expressed in milliseconds, will be summarized as weekly averages for the baseline week and final treatment week. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average. |
| Change in WHOOP Recovery Score from baseline week to final treatment week | Baseline week to final treatment week, approximately 5 weeks total including baseline monitoring | WHOOP Recovery Score, reported on a 0 to 100 scale where higher scores indicate better recovery, will be summarized as weekly averages for the baseline week and final treatment week. The outcome is final-treatment-week average minus baseline-week average. |
| Change in VALD dynamometer bilateral average handgrip strength from baseline to final visit | Baseline to final visit, approximately 5 weeks | Bilateral average handgrip strength will be measured with the prespecified VALD handgrip dynamometer protocol. The outcome is final-visit bilateral average handgrip strength minus baseline bilateral average handgrip strength. |
| Change in VALD force plate countermovement jump height from baseline to final visit | Baseline to final visit, approximately 5 weeks | Countermovement jump height will be measured with the prespecified VALD force plate protocol. The outcome is final-visit jump height minus baseline jump height. |
| Number of participants with adverse events and supplement tolerability concerns | From first dose through final visit, approximately 4 weeks | The number of participants with adverse events, tolerability concerns, dose interruptions, and study-product discontinuations will be summarized by study arm. Events of interest include gastrointestinal symptoms, sedation, dizziness, headache, allergic reaction, skin irritation from wearable use, and study-product discontinuation. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTJeremy Swisher, MD
CONTACTKimberly Burbank, MD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORJeremy Swisher, MD
University of California, Los Angeles
STUDY_DIRECTORJoshua Goldman, MD
University of California, Los Angeles
Outcome results
None listed